Pankow 6C

The __________ hemisphere of the brain is involved in language.

left

__________ is involved in speech production and is located in the frontal lobe.

Broca's area

Broca's area is involved in __________ and is located in the __________ lobe.

speech production; frontal

__________ is involved in sound processing and is located in the temporal lobe.

Wernicke's area

Wernicke's area is involved in __________ and is located in the __________ lobe.

sound processing; temporal

Aphasia is __________.

any disorder that involves language

__________ is when people have trouble producing speech as a result of damage to the language production centers of the brain.

Broca's aphasia

Broca's aphasia is when people __________.

have trouble producing speech as a result of damage to the language production centers of the brain

People with Broca's aphasia can __________ but have trouble __________.

understand language; producing language

__________ is when people have trouble comprehending language as a result of temporal lobe damage but are still able to speak.

Wernicke's aphasia

Wernicke's aphasia is when people __________.

have trouble comprehending language as a result of temporal lobe damage but are still able to speak

People with Wernicke's aphasia can __________ but have trouble __________.

produce language; comprehending language

__________ is a term used for speech produced by individuals with Wernicke's aphasia that lacks meaning.

Word Salad

__________ is when an individual has a damaged Broca's and Wernicke's area combo of Wernicke's aphasia and Broca's aphasia.

Global aphasia

Global aphasia is when an individual __________ combo of Wernicke's aphasia and Broca's aphasia.

has a damaged Broca's and Wernicke's area

Wernicke's and Broca's area are connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the __________.

arcuate fasciculus

When the arcuate fasciculus is damaged, an individual has __________.

conduction aphasia

When the __________ is damaged, an individual has conduction aphasia.

arcuate fasciculus

__________ is associated with normal function of Broca's and Wernicke's area independently but problems when they have to work together important: this means that they can speak and comprehend independently, but have a lot of trouble when told something and asked to repeat it.

Conduction aphasia

Conduction aphasia is associated with __________ but __________ important: this means that they can speak and comprehend independently, but have a lot of trouble when told something and asked to repeat it.

normal function of Broca's and Wernicke's area independently; problems when they have to work together

Agraphia is the __________.

inability to write

Anomia is the __________.

inability to name things

If the corpus callosum is severed, the individual is considered __________.

split-brained

In split-brain individuals, if an image is on their left, they can __________ but they cannot __________.

pick up the object/draw it; name the object

In split-brain individuals, if an image is on their right, they can __________ but they cannot __________.

name the object; pick up the object/draw it

__________ is concerned with how the way something is said influences its meaning irony, sarcasm, emphasis, etc.

Prosody

Behaviorists believe language is __________.

just conditioned behavior

Nativists believe language is __________.

innate

Materialists observe __________.

what happens in the brain when people think/speak/write

Interactionists place heavy emphasis on __________.

interconnection of environmental cues and innate biology in regards to language

__________ is the idea that thoughts determine language completely example: New Guinea people who only think about dark/light so they only have 2 words for colors.

Universalism

Universalism is the idea that __________ example: New Guinea people who only think about dark/light so they only have 2 words for colors.

thoughts determine language completely

__________ believed that once children could think a certain way, they developed language to describe those thoughts.

Piaget

Piaget believed that __________ "example: kids in pre-operational stage will develop words like "gone" or "away" to reflect object permanence."

once children could think a certain way, they developed language to describe those thoughts

__________ believed that language and thought are independent but converge through development.

Vygotsky

Vygotsky believed that __________.

language and thought are independent but converge through development.

__________ believed in the idea that children develop language by interacting with adults who already know the language. This is called socialization.

Vygotsky

Vygotsky believed in the idea that children develop language __________. This is called socialization.

by interacting with adults who already know the language

Vygotsky believed in the idea that children develop language by interacting with adults who already know the language. This is called __________.

socialization

__________ is the idea that language has influence on thoughts.

Linguistic determinism

Linguistic determinism is the idea that __________.

language has influence on thoughts

__________ AKA __________ states that language influences thoughts and we think in ways based on how our language is structured.

Weak linguistic determinism; relativism

Weak linguistic determinism AKA relativism states that __________ and __________.

language influences thoughts; we think in ways based on how our language is structured

__________ AKA __________ states that language completely determines thoughts example: Hopi tribe in Brazil doesn't have grammatical tense so they don't think about time in the same way we do.

Strong Linguistic Determinism; Sapir-Whorfian Hypothesis

Strong Linguistic Determinism AKA Sapir-Whorfian Hypothesis states that __________ example: Hopi tribe in Brazil doesn't have grammatical tense so they don't think about time in the same way we do.

language completely determines thoughts

__________ associated with __________ believed that children are born with an innate ability to learn language because we all have a language acquisition device.

The Nativist perspective; Noam Chomsky

The Nativist perspective associated with Noam Chomsky believed that __________.

children are born with an innate ability to learn language because we all have a language acquisition device

The Nativist perspective (language) believes that during development __________.

there is a critical period where the language acquisition device is most active between birth to age 8-9

The Nativist perspective is supported by the fact that __________ since all languages share same grammar (verb, noun, adj) then language must be innate.

all languages share universal grammar

__________, associated with __________, states that language is acquired through operant conditioning.

The Learning (behaviorist) theory; BF Skinner

The Learning (behaviorist) theory, associated with BF Skinner, states that language __________.

is acquired through operant conditioning

__________, associated with __________, believes that biological and social factors must interact for children to learn language.

The Interactionist approach; Vygotsky

The Interactionist approach, associated with Vygotsky, believes that __________ children WANT to communicate with adults, so it motivates them to learn language.

biological and social factors must interact for children to learn language

__________ is the complete set of meaningful units in a language.

Lexicon

__________ is the actual sound of a language.

Phonology

__________ is the structure of words in a language.

Morphology

__________ is the association of meaning with a word.

Semantics

__________ is how words are put together in sentences.

Syntax

__________ is the branch of linguistics that deals with the context in which language is used.

Pragmatics

__________ is a set of structures in the brain that play an important role in regulating emotions.

The Limbic System

The Limbic System is a set of structures in the brain that __________.

play an important role in regulating emotions

The limbic system is composed of the __________, __________, __________, and __________ mnemonic: Hippo wearing a HAT.

hypothalamus; amygdala; thalamus; hippocampus

__________ is the sensory relay station that directs sensory nerves to appropriate brain regions.

The thalamus

The thalamus is the __________.

sensory relay station that directs sensory nerves to appropriate brain regions

The only sense that bypasses the thalamus is __________.

olfaction

__________ is involved with emotion, aggression, and fears.

The amygdala

The amygdala is involved with __________, __________, and __________.

emotion; aggression; fears

__________ is caused by destruction of the amygdala and results in hyperorality, hypersexuality, and disinhibited behavior.

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Kluver-Bucy syndrome is caused by __________ and results in __________, __________, and __________.

destruction of the amygdala; hyperorality; hypersexuality; disinhibited behavior

Stimulation of the amygdala results in __________, __________, and __________.

anger; violence; fear

Destruction of the amygdala results in a __________ effect.

mellowing

__________ is involved in converting short-term memory to long-term memory.

The hippocampus

The hippocampus is involved in __________.

converting short-term memory to long-term memory

Individuals with a damaged hippocampus have __________ anterograde amnesia.

old memories but can't make new ones

__________ functions include regulating the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system (pituitary!!!), and controlling biological drives like hunger, sleep, thirst, sex, etc.

The hypothalamus

The hypothalamus functions include __________, __________, and __________.

regulating the autonomic nervous system; endocrine system (pituitary!!!); controlling biological drives like hunger, sleep, thirst, sex, etc

The left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex evokes __________ emotions.

positive

The right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex evokes __________ emotions.

negative

__________ is responsible for higher-order functions, executive control, problem-solving, decision-making, and how you act in social situations mnemonic: PHEDS.

The prefrontal cortex

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for __________, __________, __________, __________, and __________ mnemonic: PHEDS.

higher-order functions; executive control; problem-solving; decision-making; how you act in social situations

Sympathetic nervous system effects __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________.

dilate pupils; decrease salivation; increase RR; increase HR; increase blood glucose; increase adrenaline and norepinephrine; decrease digestion

Parasympathetic nervous system effects __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________.

pupils constrict; increased salivation; decreased RR; decreased HR; increase glucose storage; decreased adrenaline; increased digestion

The three components of emotion are __________, __________, and __________ physiological: heart rate increase, muscle tenses, etc cognitive: enjoying the party because you like parties behavioral: facial expression, language.

physiological; cognitive; behavioral

The behavioral components to emotion include __________ and __________.

body language; facial expressions

The physiological components to emotion are __________ ex: HR increase when happy.

how your body reacts to certain emotions

Cognitive component of emotion involves __________ ex: I like parties.

how you feel about something

__________ founded the 6 universal basic emotions that anyone can identify.

Paul Ekman

Paul Ekman founded __________.

the 6 universal basic emotions that anyone can identify

6 universal emotions __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________.

happiness; sadness; fear; disgust; anger; surprise

Darwin hypothesized that emotions are __________.

expressed as an innate ability that allowed individuals to act in ways that gave them a better chance of survival

__________ Theory of Emotion event ↓ physiological response ↓ interpretation of physiological response ↓ emotion mnemonic: J/L one apart on the alphabet, so physiological response first then emotion.

James-Lange

James-Lange Theory of Emotion __________ example: A man, who is allergic to bees, encounters a bee. The man’s heart beat increases, he starts sweating, and he then interprets these physiological changes as the emotion fear.

event ↓ physiological response ↓ interpretation of physiological response ↓ emotion

__________ Theory of Emotion Event ↓ Physiological Response + Emotion at same time mnemonic: C/B next to each other in alphabet, so physiological response + emotion at same time.

Cannon-Bard

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion __________ example: Man is allergic to bees encounters a bee. At the same time, the man's heartbeat increases, he starts sweating, and feels fear.

Event ↓ Physiological Response + Emotion at same time

__________ Theory of Emotion Event ↓ Physiological Response + Identify Reason for the Response ↓ Emotion mnemonic/example: A SINGER who thinks she sucks performs at a concert. When it is over everyone claps. The singer's heart beat increases and at the same time she recognizes the clapping as people thinking she is a good singer. This makes her label the emotion as happiness :)

Schachter-Singer

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion __________.

Event ↓ Physiological Response + Identify Reason for the Response ↓ Emotion

__________ Theory of Emotion Event ↓ Labelling event (appraisal) ↓ Emotion + Physiological Response mnemonic: Lazarus must Label the event before emotion or PR.

Lazarus

Lazarus Theory of Emotion __________ example: Wolf is running at you. You label this event as threatening. You simultaneously sweat, increase HR, and feel the emotion of Fear.

Event ↓ Labelling event (appraisal) ↓ Emotion + Physiological Response

In Lazarus' theory of emotion, labeling is based on __________ and __________ some things might be labeled as good/bad for different people and different cultures this is why some people like skydiving and some don't.

the individual; cultural differences

The __________ Law states that people perform best when they are moderately aroused.

Yerkes-Dodson