Global Studies Test

What did the 13th Amendment do? When was it ratified?

Abolished slavery in the United States. Ratified in 1865.

What did the 14th Amendment do? When was it ratified?

Granted citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the U.S. and guaranteed equal protection under the law. Ratified in 1868.

What did the 15th Amendment do? When was it ratified?

Protected voting rights regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Ratified in 1870.

What was Plessy v. Ferguson and what year?

1896, and A Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the doctrine of "separate but equal."

What does "separate but equal" mean?

The idea that racial segregation was legal if facilities for Black and White Americans were supposedly equal.

Why was "separate but equal" problematic?

Facilities for Black Americans were usually far inferior despite being labeled "equal."

What were Jim Crow Laws?

State and local laws that enforced racial segregation, especially in the South.

Give examples of Jim Crow Laws.

Separate schools, buses, restaurants, drinking fountains, and other public facilities.

Who was Ida B. Wells?

A journalist and civil rights activist who fought against lynching.

How did Ida B. Wells fight racism?

She investigated lynchings and published articles exposing racial violence.

Who was W.E.B. Du Bois?

A civil rights leader, scholar, and co-founder of the NAACP who demanded immediate equality.

What does NAACP stand for?

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

What was the NAACP's strategy?

To gradually challenge segregation through court cases and create legal precedents that weakened segregation.

What does it mean to "chip away" at segregation?

Winning a series of smaller court cases before challenging major segregation laws.

What was Brown v. Board of Education and what year?

1954, and A Supreme Court case that ruled segregated public schools were unconstitutional.

Why was Brown v. Board important?

It overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine in public education.

What is a legal precedent?

A court decision that serves as an example for future court cases.

Which legal precedent did Brown overturn?

The precedent established by Plessy v. Ferguson.

Who was Thurgood Marshall?

The NAACP lawyer who argued Brown v. Board before the Supreme Court.

Why is Thurgood Marshall important?

He helped win Brown v. Board and later became the first African American Supreme Court Justice.

What did "all deliberate speed" mean?

Schools had to desegregate, but the Court did not set a strict deadline.

What problem did "all deliberate speed" create?

Many states used it as an excuse to delay integration.

Who were the Little Rock Nine?

Nine African American students who integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.

What year did the Little Rock Nine attend Central High School?

1957

Who was Elizabeth Eckford?

A member of the Little Rock Nine who faced an angry mob while trying to enter school.

Why is Elizabeth Eckford remembered?

Her courage became a symbol of the struggle for school integration.

Who was Daisy Bates?

A civil rights activist who organized and supported the Little Rock Nine.

How did Daisy Bates help the Little Rock Nine?

She advised them, organized support, and helped them navigate the integration crisis.

Who was Governor Orval Faubus?

The governor of Arkansas during the Little Rock Crisis.

What choice did Governor Faubus make?

He sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the Little Rock Nine from entering Central High School.

Why did Faubus make this decision?

He faced pressure from segregationist voters and political supporters.

Who was President Dwight Eisenhower?

The U.S. president during the Little Rock Crisis.

What choice did Eisenhower make?

He sent the 101st Airborne Division and federalized the Arkansas National Guard.

Why did Eisenhower send federal troops?

To enforce the Supreme Court's ruling and protect the Little Rock Nine.

What pressures did Eisenhower face?

He had to enforce federal law, maintain order, and respond to resistance to integration.

What was the consequence of Faubus's decision?

Federal troops were sent to Little Rock, and integration proceeded.

What was the consequence of Eisenhower's decision?

The Little Rock Nine were able to attend school safely.

What was the consequence of the NAACP's legal strategy?

It led to major victories such as Brown v. Board of Education

How did the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments work together?

They abolished slavery, granted citizenship, and protected voting rights.