GREAT DEPRESSON

GREAT DEPRESSON, HERBERT HOOVER, AND FDR

What was the Bonus Army?

Over 15,000 unemployed World War I veterans and their families gathered in Washington, D.C., demanding immediate payment of bonuses originally due in 1945.

What did the Bonus symbolize?

Government relief for the most deserving recipients amidst economic hardships.

What was a Hooverville?

A tent city established by the Bonus Army in Anacostia Flats during their protest.

How did Hoover respond to the Bonus Army?

He labeled them 'insurrectionists' and ordered General Douglas MacArthur to remove them, leading to a violent confrontation.

What was the outcome of the Bonus Army's eviction?

It caused a public relations disaster for President Hoover.

What did the Public Works Administration (PWA) do?

Provided grants-in-aid to local governments for large infrastructure projects.

Who did the PWA help?

Schools, local governments, libraries, and housing.

What was the purpose of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)?

To offer job opportunities for young men amidst widespread unemployment.

Who did the CCC help?

Men aged 18-25 who were unemployed.

What did the CCC do?

Provided jobs restoring and improving national parks and public lands.

What was the purpose of the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?

To create jobs for those struggling to find work.

Who did the WPA help?

Unemployed individuals.

What did the WPA focus on?

Building infrastructure and employing artists and musicians.

What did the Social Security Act (SSA) do?

Created pensions to aid individuals across the U.S.

Who did the SSA help?

The elderly and disabled.

What was the purpose of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)?

To protect bank customers' deposits, restoring trust in the banking system.

Who did the FDIC help?

Regular American civilians banking.

What did the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) do?

Raised agricultural commodity prices through cash incentives and production limits.

Who did the AAA help?

Farmers.

What was the purpose of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)?

Addressed regional poverty and promoted development through electricity and jobs.

Who did the TVA help?

Farmers and families in the region.

What did the National Recovery Administration (NRA) do?

Suspended antitrust laws and promoted workers' rights.

Who did the NRA help?

Businesses and workers.

What was the purpose of the National Labor Relations Act (The Wagner Act)?

Protected workers' rights and prevented unfair treatment in the workplace.

Who did the Wagner Act help?

Workers in industry and factory jobs.

What did critics on the Left argue about the New Deal?

It did not sufficiently address wealth distribution and wanted a change in capitalism.

What did critics on the Right believe about the New Deal?

It was excessive government intervention, undermining the American tradition of laissez-faire.

What did Roosevelt declare in his first Inaugural Address?

'...the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.'

What was the purpose of the Emergency Banking Act?

To stabilize the collapsing banking system.

What was the Glass-Steagall Banking Act?

It instituted federal deposit insurance and outlawed the mixing of commercial and investment banking.

What was the heart of Roosevelt's early recovery program?

The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) and the National Recovery Administration (NRA).

What did the AAA aim to do?

Raise the prices of agricultural commodities by offering cash incentives to limit farm production.

What did the NRA allow businesses to do?

Cooperate to set prices in exchange for agreeing to provide reasonable wages and hours.

What symbol did participating businesses earn the right to display?

The NRA's 'Blue Eagle'.

What was the overall impact of the New Deal programs during the First Hundred Days?

Stabilized the American economy and brought in a robust though imperfect recovery.

What was the unemployment situation after the New Deal programs?

Unemployment remained stubbornly high despite some recovery.

What was the Civil Works Administration (CWA)?

A program that put unemployed men and women to work on local government projects.

What did the Works Progress Administration (WPA) focus on?

Providing jobs for unemployed people through public works projects.

What was the National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)?

It allowed for collective bargaining and created the National Labor Relations Board.

What did the Social Security Act of 1935 guarantee?

Pensions to millions of Americans and a system of unemployment insurance.

What was FDR's stance during the 1936 election?

He promised a more aggressive fight against economic inequality.

What was the outcome of the sit-down strike by the United Auto Workers in 1936?

It lasted 44 days and spread to 150,000 autoworkers in 35 cities.

What was the Supreme Court's response to New Deal initiatives?

They invalidated some reform initiatives, arguing they were unconstitutional.

What was FDR's 'Court-packing' plan?

A plan to add liberal justices to the Supreme Court to protect New Deal programs.

What economic event occurred on December 7, 1941?

The Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, leading the U.S. into World War II.

How did overproduction contribute to the Great Depression?

It led to a drop in prices and financial instability among farmers and manufacturers.

Why did Herbert Hoover oppose direct government intervention?

He believed the economy would self-correct through private charities and voluntary efforts.

What was the impact of the Stock Market Crash on October 29, 1929?

It resulted in an estimated $30 billion loss, leading to bankruptcies and bank failures.

How did the Dust Bowl affect American farmers?

It destroyed crops and caused a significant drop in agricultural prices, leading to one million families losing their farms.

Why did Herbert Hoover lose the 1932 election?

He was perceived as indifferent to the struggles of the American people due to his insufficient response to the economic crisis.

What were the goals of the New Deal?

To provide relief, recovery, and reform to the American economy during the Great Depression.

What was the primary focus of the Public Works Administration (PWA)?

Providing grants-in-aid for large infrastructure projects.

What did FDR mean by 'organized money' during his 1936 campaign?

He referred to the wealthy interests opposing his New Deal policies.

What was the public perception of Hoover's response to the Great Depression?

It was viewed as inadequate and indifferent, contributing to his electoral defeat.

What was the effect of the New Deal on unemployment?

It provided employment for millions through various federal programs.

What was the significance of the Second New Deal?

It was a more aggressive series of federal programs launched to combat the ongoing Great Depression.

How did the New Deal reshape the nation?

It transformed the role of the federal government in the economy and society.

What was one major criticism of FDR's New Deal?

Some believed it did not provide enough relief and maintained capitalism's fundamental aspects.

What was the economic condition of the U.S. after the New Deal?

The economy improved but was ultimately ended by World War II.

What was the role of artists and writers in the WPA?

They were given work to create art and literature as part of public projects.

How did the Great Depression affect American society?

It led to widespread unemployment, poverty, and social unrest.

What was the purpose of public works projects during the Great Depression?

To create jobs and stimulate the economy.