Lab pratical II study guide

Alleles = ?

Different versions of a gene

Genotype = ?

Genetic makeup (AA, Aa, aa)

Phenotype = ?

Observable traits

The 3 genotype types:

AA, aa, Aa

AA = ?

Homozygous dominant

aa = ?

Homozygous recessive

Aa = ?

Herterozygous

Recessive phenotype appears only if?

The genotype is aa

Aa x Aa cross ?

25% recessive phenotype

What are the sex-linked traits?

X-linked recessive, Mother: carrier XᴺXⁿ, Father: normal XᴺY

What is the disease genotype for sickle cell anemia?

SS

Autosomal traits are found on?

Non-sex chromosomes

Mitosis and Meiosis are involved in?

Cell Division

Mitosis produces?

2 identical diploid cells

Mitosis is used for?

Growth/repair

What are the phase of Mitosis in order?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

The prophase phase of mitosis is when?

Nuclear membrane breaks down

The Metaphase phase of mitosis is when?

Chromosomes line up in the middle

The Anaphase phase of mitosis is when?

Sister chromatids separate

The Telophase of mitosis is when?

Nuclei reform

Meiosis produces ?

4 non-identical haploid cells (gametes)

Meiosis reduces?

Chromosome number by half.

In meiosis the daghter cells are?

NOT identical

In meiosis, if the parent cell has 10 chromosomes then?

Gametes have 5

What part of meiosis does crossing over happen?

Prophase I

Independent assortment happens in?

Meiosis

Nondisjunction means?

Chromosomes fail to separate properly

Interphase is?

The longest phase of the cell cycle

Where does DNA replication occur?

S phase of interphase.

Cells grow and make organelles during?

Interphase

What happens during photosynthesis ?

Converts light energy to chemical energy

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplasts

Where do light reactions occur?

Thylakoid membranes

Where does the calvin cycle occur?

Stroma

Light reactions are NOT in stroma: True or false?

False

Leaves appear green because they?

Reflect green light

Ribulose biphosphate is not a?

Pigment

Cellular respiration is measured using a?

Respirometer

What does Cellular respiration measure?

Respiration rate, NOT photosynthesis

What is the purpose of PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

To amplify DNA (Make many copies)

List the steps of the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) inorder:

Denaturation, Annealing, Extension.

What happens in the Denaturation step of PCR?

Heat seperates DNA

What happenes in the Annealing step of PCR?

Primers bind

What happens in the extenstion step of PCR?

DNA is built

Gel electrophoresis separates?

DNA by size.

During Gel electrophoresis DNA moves?

Towards positive electrode

During Gel electrophoresis smaller fragments travel?

Farther

What does Chromatography separate?

Pigments

DNA replication produced?

Identical copies

DNA replication occurs during?

Interphase (S phase)

Ploidy = ?

Number of chromosome sets

Diploid (2n) = ?

Body cells

Haploid (n) = ?

Gametes

Homologous chromosomes have the same _____ but different ____?

genes, alleles

Crossing over is?

exchange of DNA

Independent assortment is?

Random alignement

Nondisjunction is ?

Seperation error

Homologous chromosomes is?

Same genes

PCR =?

amplify DNA

Gel electrophoresis = ?

separate DNA

Chromatography = ?

separate pigments

Respirometry = ?

Measure respiration