Neuroanatomy 1 Exam 3, Part 3- Torgerud(Palmer)

What portion of the prosencephalon has anatomically equivalent left & right cerebral hemispheres, but functionally are different?

Telencephalon

What portion of the prosencephalon contains the following parts?:

-Outer Pallium

-Centrum Semiovale

-Ganglia

Telencephalon

What part of the telencephalon has the following?:

-Frontal Lobe

-Temporal Lobe

-Parietal Lobe

-Occipital Lobe

-Insula Region

-Limbic Regions

Pallium

What is the name of the area of cortex between lobes that provide gut feelings and homeostasis?

Pseudolobes

What portion of the prosencephalon has the following functions?:

-Final interrelation of neural mechanisms

-Initiation center for voluntary actions

-Memory & Associative Memory

-Abstract Thinking

Telencephalon

What part of the telencephalon has the following statistics?:

-2 square feet in Surface Area (2/3 non visible)

-1.5-4.5mm Thick

-Gyri typically thicker than Sulci

-25 million neurons

-100 thousand km of axons

-100 trillion synapses

Pallium

What portion of the pallium of the telencephalon is ~1.5mm thick?

Calcorin Surface

What is the calcorin surface responsible for?

Vision

What is the portion of the pallium of the telencephalon that is ~4.5mm thick responsible for?

Motor Control

What is the phylogenetically new pallium that occupies more than 90% of the total pallium with cells/ cell layers that are very homogenous?

Neocortex

What is the portion of the pallium that contains the paleocortex and archicortex with cells/ cell layers that are heterogenous?

Allocortex

Incoming information goes through what region of the diencephalon before going to the Neocortex Laminae of the prosencephalon?

Thalamus

Once information goes to the thalamus, where does it then proceed to within the prosencephalon?

NCL IV

What do the following areas receive input from?:

-NCL II

-NCL III

NCL IV

What do the following areas receive input from?:

-NCL V

-NCL VI

NCL III

What do the following areas receive input from?:

-Thalamus (Via feedback loop)

NCL VI

What do the following areas receive input from?:

-Muscles (Told to relax or contract)

NCL V

What NCL is responsible for modulating connections?

NCL I

What NCL is responsible for communicating with other NCL?

NCL II

NCL III

What NCL is responsible for receiving thalamic input?

NCL IV

What NCL is responsible for telling muscles what to do?

NCL V

What NCL is responsible for telling the thalamus what other NCL are doing?

NCL VI

What NCL is/are most developed in humans?

NCL II

NCL III

What NCL is closest to the pia mater, and has very few cells?

NCL I

What is/are the associative NCL?

NCL II

NCL III

What NCL is sometimes called "Intercortical Association Layer" with small, closely packed granular neurons, and axons that extend into deeper Laminae?

NCL II

What NCL receives information from NCL IV, and processes info within its own Laminae?

NCL II

What NCL receives information from NCL IV, but send info to other Laminae for processing?

NCL III

What NCL is sometimes called the "Intercortical Association Layer" and has small and pyramidal-shaped somas with axons that extend out to the white material then back to the grey material within the same hemisphere?

NCL III

What NCL receives sensory info from the thalamus then sends it to NCL II and NCL III?

NCL IV

What NCL are known as projection Laminae?

NCL V

NCL VI

What NCL has large and pyramidal shaped somas, and axons that project to other brain/cord centers (Corticospinal & Corticobulbar)?

NCL V

Which NCL are Betz cells found within?

NCL V

What NCL has a mix of incoming and outgoing fibers with a large number of projection neurons?

NCL VI

What portion of the prosencephalon contains basal nuclei that provide subconscious signals telling the body not to move while we are sitting still?

Telencephalon

What nuclei reside within the telencephalon that has the following parts?:

-Caudate

-Putamen

-Globus Pallidus

-Amygdaloid Complex

Basal Nuclei

What do the following parts of the basal nuclei makeup?:

-Caudate

-Putamen

Neostriatum

What do the following parts of the basal nuclei makeup?:

-Globus Pallidus

-Putamen

Lenticular Nuclei

Lesions of what nuclei can lead to dyskinesia?

Basal Nuclei

What condition are the following symptoms characteristic of?

-Tremor in digits and lips while at rest

-Graceful, involuntary movements of extremities and facial muscles

Basal Nuclei

What is the name for the condition where the digits and lips have tremors while at rest, and prevents the patient from producing smooth movements?

Parkinsonism

What is the name of the condition that results in graceful, involuntary movements of the extremities and is due to deterioration of the corpus striatum leading to less GABA production?

Huntington's Chorea

What are subthalamic nucleus lesions, or globus pallidus lesions, that cause ballism and hemiballism due to?

Striated Lesions

What type of lesion causes violent and uncontrollable movements?

Striated Lesions

What do the following parts make up within the basal nuclei?:

-Head

-Body

-Tail

Caudate Neostriatum

What portion of the Caudate Neostriatum is continuous with putamen via grey matter bridges?

Head

What portion of the basal nuclei recieves fibers from all lobes of the following areas?:

-Cortex

-Thalamus

-Substantia Nigra

-Putamen

Caudate Neostriatum

What portion of the basal nuclei Sends fibers to the following areas?:

-Putamen

-Globus Pallidus

-Substantia Nigra

-Thalamus

Caudate Neostriatum

What portion of the basal nuclei contains stores of dopamine?

Putamen Neostriatum

What portion of the basal nuclei is the most lateral of the striatal nuclei and is connected to caudate neostriatum embryologically?

Putamen Neostriatum

What portion of the basal nuclei is afferent and efferent?

Putamen Neostriatum

The following make up what basal nuclei part?:

-Putamen

-Globus Pallidus

Lenticular Formation

What globus pallidus lamina separates into a medial segment and a lateral segment?

Medial Medullary Lamina

What globus pallidus lamina separates the globus pallidus from the putamen?

Lateral Medullary Lamina

What part of the basal nuclei receives fibers from the following areas?:

-Caudate

-Putamen

-Subthalamic Nuclei

Globus Pallidus

What aspect of the thalamus receives most efferent neurons from globus pallidus?

Anterior Aspect

What plays a key role in Extrapyramidal Systems?

Basal Nuclei

What part of the limbic system is found in the temporal lobe and receives input from the following areas?:

-Olfactory Tract

-Hypothalamus

-Neocortex

Amygdala

Is the amygdala part of the limbic system?

Yes

Is the amygdala part of the basal nuclei?

No

What part of the limbic system has activity that is associated with inhibitions such as fear and anger?

Amygdala

What contributes to the brains ability to inhibit pain?

Basal Nuclei

What type of fibers found in white matter carries information up and down the telencephalon?

Projection Axons

What type of fibers found found found in white matter carries afferent and efferent axons?

Projection Fibers

What type of axon contains corona radiate fibers and internal capsule fibers?

Projection Fibers

What type of fibers found in white matter connects fibers between the left and right side of the telencephalon?

Commissural Fibers

The following are all types of which type of fiber?:

-Anterior

-Posterior

-Corpus Collosum

Commissural Fibers

What structure is made up by ~300 million commissural axons, and are only found in placental mammals?

Corpus Callosum

What structure has the following parts?:

-Rostrum

-Genu

-Body/Trunk

-Splenium

Corpus Callosum

The following are extensions of what structure?:

-Forceps Anticus

-Forceps Posticus

-Tapetum

Corpus Callosum

What part of the corpus callosum connects the frontal lobes?

Forceps Anticus

What part of the corpus callosum connects the occipital lobes?

Forceps Posticus

What part of the corpus callosum connects fibers that run laterally along the temporal horn and occipital horn of the lateral ventricles?

Tapetum

What can a lesion/ surgery to the corpus callosum lead to?

Alien Hand Syndrome

If you were to button your shirt with one hand, but without you realizing the other hand unbuttons the shirt, what may you be experiencing?

Alien Hand Syndrome

A hand performing tasks without consciously telling it to is called what?

Alien Hand Syndrome

What type of fibers found in white matter connects signals from front to back within the same hemisphere?

Association Fibers

What type of fibers make up the largest percentage of the brain's white matter tracts?

Association Fibers

What type of association fiber connects adjacent/ nearby gyri that are just inward from the grey cortex?

Short Fibers

What type of association fiber connects distal parts of the same hemisphere?

Long Fibers

What type of long association fibers connects the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe for visual recognition?

Inferior Longitudinal Fasiculus

What type of long association fibers connect the frontal lobe to the parietal lobes and occipital lobe for attention and language reception?

Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus

What type of long association fiber connects the limbic regions for memory and emotions?

Cingulum

What injury is commonly caused by the following?:

-Sports Injuries

-Falls

-MVA

-Blows to head

MTBI

What is the common name of MTBI?

Concussion

What is the temporary disruption of brain function that is caused by mechanical force known as?

Concussion

What injury is caused by repeated impacts?

Dementia Pugilistica

What is another name for dementia pugilistica?

Boxers Dementia

What can repeated concussions lead to?

Boxers Dementia