Skeletal System (Ch 2)

Compact bone

What outer portion of bone is composed of

Medullary cavity

What inner portion of bone is made of (cancellous bone)

Diploe

Cancellous bone located within the skull that separates the inner and outer layers of the compound bone

Osteoblasts

The bone forming cells that line the medullary cavity and are interspersed throughout the periosteum

Osteoclasts

Specialized cells that are responsible for bone remodeling

Diaphysis

Shaft portion of a long bone and is the secondary site of ossification

Metaphysis

Refers to the growth zone between the epiphysis and diaphysis

Periosteum

Membrane that encloses all of the bone except at joint surfaces of long bones

Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease)

Disease affecting the connective tissue, commonly the result of an autosomal dominant defect

Achondroplasia

Most common skeletal dysplasia, results in bone deformity, decreased bone formation, and disproportionate dwarfism

Osteopetrosis (marble bone disease)

Dysplasias involving an increase in bone density and defective bone contour

Albers-schonberg disease

Most common form of osteoclerotic osteopetrosis, involves increase bone density in congestion with fairly normal bone contour

Craniotubular dysplasias

Group of rare autosomal recessive/dominant hereditary diseases which result in abnormal bone contour of cranium and long bones

Fibrous dysplasia

Rare condition characterized by the proliferation of fibroblasts in medullary cavity

Syndactyly

Causes the physical appearance of webbed digits

Polydactyly

Presence of extra digits

Clubfoot

Malformation of foot that prevents normal weight bearing

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)

Malformation of acetabulum

Scoliosis

Abnormal lateral deviation of the spine, seen with vertebral rotation

Transitional vertebra

Takes on characteristics of vertebrae from adjacent vertebral segments

Spina bifida

Failure of laminate to unite posteriorly, resulting in incomplete closure of vertebral canal

Scheuermann disease

Increase in throacic and thoracolumbar kyphosis

Klippel-fiel syndrome

Multiple nonsegmentations and fusions of the cervical spine

Craniosynostosis

Premature closure of one ormolu of the cranial sutures before the brain is fully formed

Anencephaly

Abnormality in which the brain is underdeveloped and cranial vault is incomplete

Osteomyelitis

Infection of bone marrow and surrounding bone causes by a pathogenic microorganism spread via the bloodstream from an infection with a continuous site, or through direct introduction of the microorganism

Involucrum

Shell of new supporting bone laid down by the periosteum surround the sequestrum

Pott disease

Aka tuberculosis of the spine

Arthritis

Joint inflammation

Rheumatoid arthritis

Characterized by chronic inflammation and over growth of the synovial tissues, most often in extremities

Juvenile idioppathic arthritis (JIA) (still disease)

Affects children under the age of 16 years and is similar to the adult form of RA

Reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome)

Variant of RA occurring most commonly in young males and is associated with arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis

Ankylosing spondylitis

Progressive form of arthritis resulting in the chronic inflammation of axial ligaments characterized by initial laxity and progressive ankylosing, involving the spine

Osteoarthritis

Most common type of arthritis aka degenerative joint disease; disease of cartilage classified by primary or secondary

Osteophytes

Overgrowth of articular cartilage on the peripheral surfaces of joints and calcifies

Gouty arthritis (Gout)

One of the most common arthritic disease of adulthood caused by a disorder in the metabolism of purine. Excess amount of uric acid are predicted and deposited in the joint and adjacent bone

Tendontiis

Inflammation of the tendon sheath

Tenosynovitis

When bursa becomes inflamed

Bursitis

When bursa becomes inflammed

Bursae

Sacs lined with synovial membrane, found in locations where tendons pass over bony prominences

Ganglion

Cystic sheath or joint membrane

Exotosis

Excessive bone proliferation that deforms the bone found in immature skeletons of children and adolescents

Osteochondroma

When the exostosis contains a cartilaginous cap covered by periosteum

Osteoma

Less frequent benign growth most commonly located in the skull

Hyperostosis frontais interna

Very rare form of osteoma which presents with irregular thickening of the frontal bone

Osteoid osteoma

Smaller common benign tumors of the skeletal system

Osteoblastoma

Larger benign tumors of the skeletal system

Enchondroma

Slow growing intramedullary benign tumor composed of mature hyaline cartilage and is a result of incomplete endochondral ossification

Simple unicameral bone cyst (UBC)

Benign, fluid-filled cavity in the bone lined with compressed fibrous tissue

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC)

Benign multioculated cystic lesion of bone consisting of numerous blood-filled arteriovenous communications

Giant-cell tumors (GCTs)

Locally aggressive, rare neoplasms characterized by the presence of numerous, multinuleated osteoclastic giant cells

Osteosarcoma

Most common malignancy of the skeleton in young adults and children. Most frequently found in the metaphysis of long bones (distal femur, proximal tibia, and humerus)

Ewing sarcoma

Extremely rare but highly malignant tumor, usually occurs between ages 5-15

Chondrosarcoma

Malignant tumor of cartilaginous origin and is composed of atypical cartilage

Specialized cells responsible for the absorption of bone tissues during growth and healing are:

Osteoclasts

A firm, immovable joint is classified as:

Synarthrodial

The growth size of a long bone is referred to as the:

Diploe

The most common inherited disorder that results in dwarfism is:

Osteogenesis

A variant of rheumatoid arthritis associated with pain, swelling, stiffness in people under 16 years old is:

Reiter syndrome

A congenital malformation of the foot characterized by a plantar flexion deformity is termed:

Talipes equinovarus

AN abnormal lateral deviated of the spine is referred to as:

Scoliosis

An infectious disease of the skeletal system is:

Osteomyelitis

Osteoarthritis affects the weight-bearing joints within the body and may be treated with:

Exercise, medication, surgery

The type of arthritis characterized gby the presence of Heberden nodes is:

Osteoarthritis

A malformation of the acetabulum which causes the femoral head to be displaced is termed:

Developmental dysplasia of the hip

The most common benign bone tumor is:

Osteochondroma