Exam 1 ISU Bsc 101 Wodika (part 1 - chapteres 1-3)

i hate this stupid ass class

science

process of using observations and experiments to draw conclusions on evidence

anecdotal evidence

an informal observation that has not been scientifically tested

hypothesis

an explanation for an observation or question

experiment

scientific procedure designed to test a hypothesis

control

group in an experiment that experiences no experimental intervention or manipulation

experimental group

group that experiences experimental interventionn or manipulation

independent variable

the variable or factor being deliberately changed

dependent variable

the measured result of an experiment

scientific theory

an explanation of the natural world support by evidence and hasn’t been disproved

epidemiology

the study of patterns of diseases including risk factors

case-control study

type of epidemiological study, asses an association between exposure and an outcome

dose-response relationship

a relationship between a chemical or physical exposure and the risk of an outcome

recall bias

a type of error resulting from inaccurate recollection or reporting of past events

correlation

a consistent relationship between two variables

randomized clinical trial

a controlled experiment in which participants receive an experimental treatment or a placebo

homeostasis

the maintenance of a relative constant internal environment

element

a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down

matter

anything that takes up space and has mass

atom

the smallest unit of an element that still maintains the property of an element

proton

positively charged

electron

negatively charged

neutron

neutral charge

nucleous

dense core of an atom

molecule

atoms linked by covalent bonds

covalent bond

A strong interaction resulting from the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms.

organic

molecule with a carbon based backbone and one c-h bond

inorganic

molecule with no carbon based backbone and c-h bond

carbohydrates

organic molecule made up of one or more sugars

protein

macro molecule made of amino acids, determines shape and function of a protein

lipids

organic molecules that repel water

nucleic acids

organic molecule made of linked nuceleotide subunits, dna and rna are exmaples

macromolecule

very large organic molecules that make up living organisms

monomer

one chemical subunit of a polymer

polymer

a molecule made up of individual subunits linked together like a chain

monosaccharides

the building block, or monomer, of a carbohydratre

amino acids

the building block, or monomer, of a protein

nucleotide

the building blocks of dna. each consists of sugar, a phosphate group, and a base

polar molecule

a molecule in which electrons are not shared equally between atoms. causes a partial negative charge at one end and a partial positive charge at the other. water is one of these

hydrogen bonds

a week electrical attraction between a partially positive charged hydrogen atom and an atom with a partial negative charge

cohesion

the attraction between molecules

adhesion

the attraction between molecules and a surface

solutes

a dissolved substance

ionic bond

a strong electrical attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by the transfer of one electron from an atom to another

ion

an electrically charged atom, the charge resulting from the loss or gain of electrons

cell theory

all living things are made of cells and cells are formed by the division of existing cells

prokaryotic

cells that lack internal membrane bound organelles

eukaryotic

cells that include a membrane bound organelle, including a nucleus. mini factory with an efficient division of labor

organelle

membrane-bound compartments of eukaryotic cells that carry out specific functions

cell membrane

a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the boundary of all cells. surrounds both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. separates inside from outside.

cytoplasm

gelatinous inside of all cells

ribosomes

present in all cells. a complex of rna and proteins that carry out protein synthesis in a cell

nucleus

The organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material. encloses cell dna

nuclear envelope

double membrane surrounding the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. a double membrane made of two lipid bilayers dotted by small openings called pores

mitochondria

membrane-bound organelles. responsible for energy conversion reactions in eukaryotes.

endoplasmic reticulum (er)

a network of membranes in eukaryotic cells. where proteins and lipids are synthesized. newly made proteins travel from here to golgi apparatus

golgi apparatus

an organelle made of stacked membrane enclosed discs. packages proteins and prepares them for transport.

lysosomes

in eukaryotic cells. filled with enzymes that can degrade worn out cellular structure. digest and repurpose molecules.

cytoskeleton

vast network of protein fibers. provides structure and facilitates cell movement

chloroplasts

in plants and algal cells. facilitates photosynthesis.

endosymbiosis

scientific theory. free-living prokaryotic cells engulfed other free-living prokaryotic cells billions of years ago, forming eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.