Food as medicine with more t/f q

phytochemical

substances that are not essential nutrients; promote health; biologically active

plant phytosterols

phytochemicals

animal phytosterols

zoochemicals

some phytochemicals have profound effects on the body through actions such as

* acting as antioxidants
* mimicking hormones
* altering blood constituents in ways that may protect against some diseases

food combinations

* vitamin c + iron = triple iron absorptions
* vitamin d + calcium = 65% more calcium absorption
* antioxidants + phytochemicals = kill cancer cells
* carotenoids + fats = absorb fat soluble vitamins A,D,E,K
* bright colors = rich diet

cur cumin

turmeric, mustard

phytoestrogen sources

soy and flax

possible actions of phytochemicals

antioxidant: protect our cells against oxidative damage and reduce the risk of developing certain types of cancer

benefits of taking high doses of vitamin E

remain to be established

T/F: there is no convincing evidence that taking supplements of vitamin C prevents any disease

true

beta-carotene

precursor to vitamin A

lycopene

a carotenoid that is present in tomatoes and watermelon; turns things red

darker greens have more

beta-carotene

T/F: researchers caution against large amounts of phytoestrogens

true

Phytosterols

resemble cholesterol in structure, compete with cholesterol for absorption, their presence reduces cholesterol absorption and helps lower blood cholesterol levels

why are all phytosterols in human blood and tissues derived from the diet?

because humans cannot synthesize phytoestrols

2 classes of phytosterols

\-plant sterols: double bond in sterol ring

\-plant stannous: lack a double bond

typical western diet today is relatively \___ in phytosterols

low

daily consumptions of phytosterols can significantly

lower LDL cholesterol

An average phytosterol intake of \__ lowers LDL cholesterol

2 g/day

plant sterols and stannous are incorporated into

fat-containing foods

phytosterol sources most effective in reducing cholesterol

fat spreads, mayonnaise, salad dressings, milk, yogurt

phytosterol sources less effective in reducing cholesterol

chocolate, orange juice, cheese, meats, cereal bars

sulfur containing phytosterols

insoles, isothiocynates, alliums

T/F: chopping or chewing are cruciferous vegetables result in the formation of bioactive compounds

true

bioactive compounds

generated by gut bacteria with ingestion of cooked cruciferous vegetables

consumption of high amounts of cruciferous vegetables has been associated with \___ thyroid cancer risk only in iodine-deficient areas

increased

sulforaphanes in broccoli sprouts

Stimulate activity of enzymes that detoxify carcinogens

discarded parts of certain vegetables are (more/less) potent at blocking abnormal angiogenesis

more

Angiogenesis

normal biological process in humans; formation and differentiation of blood vessels

broccoli stalks and carrot greens are

twice as potent against abnormal angiogenesis than broccoli florets and carrot roots

sulphur compounds

not present in intact cells; when ruptured- becomes volatile

T/F: there is no evidence supporting raspberry ketones causing weight loss in humans

true

plant polyphenols

* plant non-nutrient natural products
* responsible for the aroma, color, antioxidant properties of the fruit, vegetables, seeds and nuts
* reducing agents
* referred to as antioxidants

quercetin sources

onions, scallions, kale

high does consumption of green tea based dietary supplement could lead to

liver dysfunction

T/F: curcumin is a polyphenol

true

T/F: green tea is often believed to be richer in polyphenols than black or red teas; but all plain teas have the same levels

true

polyphenolic compounds are abundant in

olive oil

Flavonoids most abundant type:

anthocyanin in red, blue colored berries, red cabbage

source of anthocyanin

black soybeans

T/F: certain thiocyanates inhibit activation of potential carcinogens

true

garlic and broccoli may have

anticancer properties

primary metabolites (compounds)

substances in the process of respiration, photosynthesis, growth and development

secondary metabolites (compounds)

* variety of functions
* attractions of pollination, seed dispersal
* discouraging consumption by herbivores and insects
* protecting against microbial infections
* protects against UV damage

digestive bitters

their mechanisms of action are not completely understood

anthroquinone

a laxative; no dietary use for this plant

natural honey contains 2 sugars

glucose and fructose

T/F: honey is a prebiotic

true

bee products

\-royal jelly

\-bee pollen

\-propolis

echinacea (purple coneflower)

Some effect in reducing severity of symptoms or duration of colds in adults, not in children

T/F: garlic has antibacterial properties

true

T/F: ginger may help relive pregnancy relates nausea and vomiting

true

ginkgo biloba

\-one of the oldest living trees whose nuts are used as medicine in the Chinese culture

\-has also been used on asthma, bronchitis, kidney and bladder disorders

ginkgo leaves are used to treat

dementia, eye problems, intermittent claudication (leg problems because of narrow arteries), tinnitus

willow bark-salicylates

aspirin-like substances

alkaloid

chemical produced by plants that contains nitrogen, many of which are used to smoke

alkaloid in chocolate

attracted media attention as cough remedy

turmeric

curcumin

T/F: tumeric is used as a dietary supplement for inflammation

true

turmeric active ingredient curcuminoids

are yellow and used to color foods and cosmetics

edible weeds

Dandelion, Amaranth (leaves and stems), stinging nettle leaf (used as a tea), wild rose & reships

T/F: because kombucha is produced under varying conditions in individual homes, contamination with pathogenic organisms is possible

true

T/F: there is no such thing as absolute safety of any substance

true

T/F: a substance that induces cancer in either an animal species or humans at any dosage cannot be added to food

true

the \#1 rule of toxicology

"The dose makes the poison." Dose \= concentration x intake

it was assumed that carcinogens

were rarely found naturally in foods

ppm is

parts per million (tiny)

ppl is

parts per billion (tinier)

Delaney Cause

prohibits adding cancer causing agents to food

consumers who choose to worry about eating chemicals shown to cause

cancer in rodents; the human diet is full of occurring rodent carcinogens

A consistent intake of excessive calories contributes to

obesity, with higher risk of heart disease

excessive calorie intake has been called

"the most striking" carcinogens in rodent carcinogen studies

high fruit and vegetable diets was still protective against

cancer

how to sort out good foods

1. consider the source
2. look for qualifiers and generalizations
3. beware of emotional anecdotes
4. correlation is not causation
5. be number literate

T/F: too much of a "safe" thing can kill you

true

T/F: a little bit of poison can cure you

true

government officials must act using

"the best science available"

D.A.S.H

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

D.A.S.H diet

4-5 cups of fruit and vegetables, whole grains, nuts, cookies, dried beans and peas, fish, poultry, less red meat, less total fat and cholesterol

genetic engineering

manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA to modify an organism

Flavr Savr Tomato

1st commercially grown GE Food

T/F: genetically engineered and genetically modified foods are often used interchangeably

true

genetic engineering is one type of genetic modification

it involves intentional introduction of a targeted change in a plant, animals, microbial gene, etc

T/F: bt toxin poses no real danger to humans

true

T/F: almost every fruit and vegetable has been modified in some degree

true

T/F: broccoli is a result of the selective breeding of wild cabbage plants

true

polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes

bring polyphenols and oxygen in the right way (why apples brown when exposed to air)

PPO's interact with

polyphenols and oxygen

arctic apple

genetically modified apple that does not go brown easily

acrylamide

chemical suspected of causing cancer in people

potatoes are genetically engineered to reduce the amount of harmful ingredient in

French fried and potato chips

T/F: the innate potato does not contain genes from other species like bacteria

true

food biotechnology

* Has helped to produce fresher, better-tasting foods
* Protects environment
* Not led to lowered crop yields
* Has decreased the amount of pesticides used in farming
* Has allowed crops to be protected from insects and viruses

organic producers rely on \____ \_____ and physical, mechanical, or biologically based farming methods to the fullest extent possible

natural substances

produce can be called organic if

it is grown on soil, has no prohibited substances applied for 3 years prior to harvest

T/F: organic foods contain no pesticides

false

Pesticides approved for organic farming are

toxic to humans

what makes organic farming different?

It's not the use of pesticides, it's the origin of the pesticides used

USDA test found there was \__ times as much spinosad on organic lettuce than was found on conventionally cultivated fruits and vegetables

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