RADI 106 FINAL study quide

the borders of the scapula

medial, superior, lateral

other name for media border of scapula

vertebral

other name for lateral border of scapula

axillary

angles of the scapula

lateral, superior, and inferior

what is the lateral border of the scapula also called

head of scapula

what are the surfaces of the scapula

dorsal and ventral

what is another name for the ventral surface of the scapula

costal

what is the sella turcica

the central depression on the body of the sphenoid bone

what does the sella turcica look like

a saddle

what does the sella turcica partially surround

pituitary gland

another name for pituitary gland

hypophysis cerebri

where is the oval window located

located inside the vestibule

what is another name for the oval window

vestibular window

what does the oval window do

receives vibrations from the external ear through the distal aspect of the stapes of the middle ear and transmits these vibrations into the vestibule of the internal ear

what is the petrous ridge

The upper border or ridge of the petrous pyramids

where can you see the petrol ridges in a PA caldwell

lower 1/3 of the orbits

where can you see the petrous ridges in a PA

filling the orbits

where can you see the petrous ridges in a waters view

just inferior to the maxillary sinuses

where can you see the petrous ridges in a modified waters view

lower 1/2 of the maxillary sinuses

what are the parts of the sacrum

base, apex, pelvic sacral foramina, alae, superior articular processes, promontory, sacral canal, median sacral crest, auricular surface, sacroiliac jt, sacral foramina, sacral horns

what are the typical vertebrae

cervical: C3-C6

how many pairs of ribs are there

12

what are ribs #1-7

true ribs

what are ribs 8-12

false ribs

what are ribs 11-12

floating ribs

which end of the rib articulates w the thoracic vertebrae

vertebral end

which end of the ribs articulates with the costocartilage of the sternum

the sternal end

when can I see intervertebral foramina in each section of the spine

don't know

when can I see Z joints in each section of the spine

don't care

what level is the gonion

C3

what level is the thyroid cartilage

C5/C6

what level is the jugular notch

T2/T3

what level is the sternal angle

T4/T5

what level is the xiphosternal jt at

T9

what level is the transpyloric plane

L1

what level is the costal margin

L3

what level is the umbilicus

L3/L4

what level is the iliac crest

L4

what level is the ASIS

second sacral segment

what level is the pubic symphysis

coccyx

when are the cervical Z joints seen

in a true lateral. Except C1 and C2 where they are seen in AP

when are the cervical intervertebral foramina seen

45 degree oblique with a 15 degree cephalic tube angle

when are the thoracic z joints seen

70-75 degree oblique

when are the thoracic intervertebral foramina seen

true lateral

what level is the xiphoid tip

T9

what is the nose of the scotty dog

transverse process

what is the eye of the scotty dog

pedicle

what is the neck of the scotty dog

pars interarticularis

what is the front leg of the scotty dog

inferior articular process

what is the back leg of the scotty dog

the inferior articular process on the opposite side

what is the body of the scotty dog

body and lamina

what is the tail of the scotty dog

superior articular process of opposite side

what is the ear of the scotty dog

superior articular process

what is the curvature of the cervical spine

lordotic

what is the curvature of the lumbar spine

lordotic

what is the curvature of the thoracic spine

kyphotic

what is the curvature of the sacral region

kyphotic

what perspective is the curvature of the spine from

the posterior

what is the difference between a male and female clavicle

a female clavicle is generally shorter and less curved

lordosis

abnormal backwards curvature of the spine

kyphosis

abnormal frontward curvature of the spine

scoliosis

abnormal side to side curvature of spine

what are the common pathologies of the spine

beats me

where are the tubercles seen in external rotation of the humerus

greater tubercle in profile laterally

where are the tubercles seen in internal rotation of the humerus

lesser tubercle in profile medially

what is the lesser tubercle

process directly below the anatomic neck of humerus on the anterior surface

what is the greater tubercle

the larger lateral process on the proximal humerus

what is orthostatic breathing

A breathing technique that involves the patient taking shallow breaths during the exposure

what adjustments need to be made when using orthostatic breathing

increase seconds (3-4) and decrease mA

what positions require orthostatic breathing

haha

what is the eardrum

aka the tympanic membrane

the meatus narrow as it meets this

what are the auditory ossicles

3 small bones that are prominent structures within the middle ear

where specifically in the ear drum ar the auditory ossicles located

partially in the epitympanic process and partly in the tympanic cavity proper

what do the auditory ossicles do

bridge the middle ear cavity to transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the internal ear

fractures and pathologies

okayyy

know nerves and their functions

got it

what is flail chest

This fracture of adjacent ribs in two or more places is caused by blunt trauma and is associated with underlying pulmonary injury. This type of injury can lead to instability of the chest wall. If the technologist suspects a flail chest injury, perform rib studies erect if the patient's condition permits it for best visualization.

what are Congenital anomalies

conditions present from birth that may become more evident as a child ages.

Pectus carinatum (pigeon breast):

This defect is characterized by anterior protrusion of the lower sternum and xiphoid process. It is usually a benign condition but could lead to cardiopulmonary complications in rare cases.

Pectus excavatum:

Also referred to as funnel chest, this deformity is characterized by a depressed sternum. This condition rarely interferes with respiration but often is corrected surgically for cosmetic reasons.

Metastases:

These primary malignant neoplasms spread to distant sites via blood and lymphatics. The ribs are common sites of metastatic lesions

what are the 3 different types of metastases

Osteolytic

Osteoblastic

Combination osteolytic and osteoblastic

Osteolytic

destructive lesions with irregular margins

osteoblastic

proliferative bony lesions of increased density

Combination osteolytic and osteoblastic

moth-eaten appearance of bone resulting from the mix of destructive and blastic lesions

Osteomyelitis:

This localized or generalized infection of bone and marrow can be associated with postoperative complications of open heart surgery, which requires the sternum to be split. The most common cause of osteomyelitis is a bacterial infection.

know CR for all waters and SMVs

okay

where are the meningeal spaces

Immediately exterior to each meningeal layer

what are the 3 meningeal spaces

(1) epidural space

(2) subdural space

(3) subarachnoid space

where is the epidural space

Exterior to the dura mater, between the dura and the inner table of the skull

where is the subdural space

Beneath the dura mater, between the dura and the arachnoid

where is the Subarachnoid Space

Beneath the arachnoid membrane, between the arachnoid and the pia mater

what does the subdural space contain

a thin film of fluid and various blood vessels

which two meningeal spaces are potential sites for hemorrhage after trauma to the head.

subdural and epidural

what is the subarachnoid space filled with

CSF

What are the skull positioning lines and landmarks? Where are

they?

IOML, OML, IPL, MML, AML, GAL

where is CSF formed

in the lateral ventricles in specialized capillary beds called choroid plexus

how much CSF is formed daily

500 mL

how much CSF is in the body at one time

140 mL

what does CSF do during development

serves as a nutrient role