Cardiovascular Physiology Lab Kit

Blood flow through the heart begins when blood enters the _____. After passing the _____, blood enters the _____. After passing the _____, blood enters the _____, then the _____. After passing the _____, blood enters the _____, After passing the _____, blood enters the _____.

Right atrium; tricuspid valve; right ventricle; pulmonary semilunar valve; lungs; left atrium; bicuspid valve; left ventricle; aortic semilunar valve; body

Heart sounds are produced by the _____, resulting in a _____ in blood flow. Each _____ represents a single heartbeat.

Closing of the heart’s valves; temporary disturbance in blood flow; lub-dub

The first heart sound, or the _____ sound, comes from the _____, which takes place during _____.

Lub; closure of the atrioventricular valves; ventricular systole

The second heart sound, or the _____, comes from the _____, which takes place during _____.

Dub; closure of the semilunar valves; ventricular diastole

Auscultation refers to the process of _____.

Detecting heart sounds using a stethoscope

The aortic semilunar valve is located in the _____, near the _____.

Second intercostal space; right sternal border

The pulmonary valve is located in the _____, near the _____.

Second intercostal space; left sternal border

The tricuspid valve is located on either side of the _____, just above the _____.

Lower sternum; xiphoid process

The bicuspid valve is located in the _____, along the _____.

Fifth intercostal space; midclavicular line

A heart murmur refers to abnormal heart _____ produced by abnormal _____. Heart murmurs may be caused by defective heart ____, and may be _____ or _____.

Sounds; blood flow; valves; congenital; acquired

Incompetent valves refer to those that _____. This may due to damaged _____.

Do not close properly; papillary muscles

Mitral valve prolapse is the most common cause of chronic mitral _____, in which the heart valves _____, allowing blood to _____.

Regurgitation; do not close properly; flow backward through the valve

Mitral stenosis refers to when the _____, _____, does not _____ properly, and impairs the flow of blood between the _____ and _____.

Mitral valve calcifies; narrows; open; left atrium; left ventricle

When performing a cardiac auscultation, make sure to insert the earpieces of the stethoscope into your ears so that they are pointing _____. Gently press the _____ on your partner’s chest to locate the proper auscultation points, then record their _____ and calculate their _____, assuming a _____ of 70 mL/heartbeat.

Forward; diaphragm; heartbeat; cardiac output; stroke volume

Blood pressure near the heart is considered pulsatile, meaning it _____.

Rises and falls with each heartbeat

The pulse/pressure wave refers to the _____. These are typically detected via _____.

Throbbing of the arteries due to differences in pulse pressures; palpation

Pulse is synonymous with _____.

Heart rate

The average resting heart rate is _____.

60 to 100 BPM

Bradycardia refers to a relatively _____ heart rate that is _____.

Slow; less than 60 BPM

Tachycardia refers to a relatively _____ heart rate that is _____.

Rapid; more than 100 BPM

Systolic blood pressure refers to the pressure exerted in the _____ during _____, which results in stretch.

Aorta; left ventricular contraction

Diastolic pressure refers to the _____ when the heart is at _____.

Lowest level of aortic pressure; rest

Pulse pressure is equal to _____.

Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) refers to the pressure that _____. MAP is equal to _____.

Propels blood to the tissues; diastolic pressure + pulse pressure/3

Blood pressure is estimated using _____.

Sphygmomanometry

Normal blood pressure is characterized by a systolic number that is _____ and a diastolic number that is _____, indicating _____.

Under 120 mmHg; under 80 mmHg; no need for drug therapy

Prehypertension is characterized by a systolic number that is _____ and a diastolic number that is _____, indicating _____.

Between 120 to 129 mmHg; under 80 mmHg; a need for lifestyle modification, but not antihypertensive drugs

Stage 1 hypertension is characterized by a systolic number that is _____ or a diastolic number that is _____, indicating _____.

Between 130 to 139 mmHg; 80 to 89 mmHg; a need for lifestyle modification and antihypertensive drugs

Stage 2 hypertension is characterized by a systolic number that is _____ or a diastolic number that is _____, indicating _____.

140 mmHg or higher; 90 mmHg or higher; a need for lifestyle modification and antihypertensive drugs

An ECG records _____ signals of the heart.

Electrical

The P wave on an ECG represents _____, and subsequent _____.

Atrial depolarization; atrial contraction

The P-R segment represents the _____, as the electrical signal goes through the _____ and _____.

AV node delay; AV node; AV bundle

The QRS complex represents _____, and subsequent _____, as well as _____.

Ventricular depolarization; ventricular contraction; atrial repolarization

The T wave represents _____.

Ventricular repolarization

The T-P segment represents _____.

Ventricular and atrial relaxation

The _____ pulse is generally the easiest to palpate given that the vessel is not very _____ in the body, there are minimal _____, and it is relatively _____.

Carotid; deep; surrounding structures; close to the heart

A _____ count of the pulse generally produces a more reliable value than a _____ count of the pulse, as this _____ measurement time helps increase _____ and reduce _____.

1-minute; 15-second; longer; accuracy; variability

Heart rate while standing is generally _____ than heart rate while in a supine position. This is because venous return is relatively _____ due to _____, creating _____ autonomic regulation via _____.

Higher; lower; gravity; higher; norepinephrine

If a patient has valves that do not close properly, i.e. _____, their heart sounds would be relatively _____ instead of producing the typical _____ sound.

Regurgitation; muffled; lub-dub

Blood pressure taken below the level of the heart may appear _____ than normal because of the effects of _____ on the blood in the arm.

Higher; gravity

Blood pressure taken above the level of the heart may appear _____ than normal because of the effects of _____ on the blood in the arm.

Lower; gravity

Korotkoff sounds are heard during blood pressure measurement because they indicate _____.

When blood is able to overcome the pressure in the cuff and flow through the arteries

There are no sounds heard in an auscultation before cuff deflation because _____.

The pressure in the blood is not high enough to overcome the pressure in the cuff

On an ECG, each small square represents _____. To calculate HR using an ECG, calculate RR interval duration, which is equal to _____, and then calculate _____.

0.04 seconds; the number of small squares x 0.04; 60/RR interval duration

If the P wave were absent from an ECG trace, this would suggest that _____, and that there is a problem with the _____.

Atrial depolarization is not taking place; internodal pathway