Personality: Psychosocial Perspective

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As the ideas of Freud's followers continued to evolve, they

a. placed more emphasis on the superego and its functions.

b. placed increasing emphasis on relationships.

c. deemphasized the mediating functions of the ego.

d. returned to Freud's emphasis on inner conflict and resolutions.

b. placed increasing emphasis on relationships.

In object relations theories, the "object" refers to

a. intrinsic goals.

b. the ego.

c. a person.

d. lifelong patterns.

c. a person.

Although the concept of object relations derives from Freud's ideas, it is different in that object relations emphasizes

a. conscious rather than unconscious processes.

b. ego functioning rather than id functioning.

c. unconscious rather than conscious processes.

d. id functioning rather than ego functioning.

b. ego functioning rather than id functioning.

Object relations theories

a. consider the formation of psychic bonds to be a fundamental function of the id.

b. emphasize that one's pattern of relating to others is formed during adolescence.

c. assume that similar patterns of relating to others continue to occur throughout life.

d. have no connection to Freud's concept of ego cathexis.

c. assume that similar patterns of relating to others continue to occur throughout life.

The period in which an infant is fused with its mother is called

a. symbiosis.

b. interdependence.

c. attachment.

d. fusion.

a. symbiosis.

_________ refers to the process by which an infant becomes aware of its distinct existence.

a. Internalization

b. Differentiation

c. Accommodation

d. Separation-individuation

d. Separation-individuation

According to Mahler, a child will experience _________ when the movement away from symbiosis occurs too quickly.

a. insecure attachment

b. basic anxiety

c. separation anxiety

d. separation-individuation

c. separation anxiety

Many neoanalytic theories emphasized

a. that there is no merit to traditional Freudian ideas.

b. the importance of the superego.

c. sexual functioning.

d. the importance of the ego.

d. the importance of the ego.

_________ believed that relationships create the structure of the self.

a. Kohut

b. Marcia

c. Erikson

d. Mahler

a. Kohut

To Kohut, a selfobject refers to

a. someone who is opposite to the self.

b. someone important in satisfying the self's needs.

c. someone who is threatening to the self.

d. impressions of oneself.

b. someone important in satisfying the self's needs.

Mirroring that occurs later in life involves transference, which is

a. using one's relationship with a therapist to repair relationships.

b. using one's orientation toward parents to relate to others.

c. a form of revenge based on anger at one's parents.

d. none of these answers are correct

b. using one's orientation toward parents to relate to others.

Unsuccessful mirroring results in

a. satisfaction of the child's narcissistic needs.

b. an initial, grandiose sense of self.

c. an inability to develop an adequate sense of self.

d. all of these answers are correct

c. an inability to develop an adequate sense of self.

Bowlby used the term _________ to refer to an emotional connection with another person.

a. attachment

b. symbiosis

c. synthesis

d. bonding

a. attachment

Attachment theory states that children build "working models" of

a. the self.

b. others.

c. relationships in general.

d. all of these answers are correct

d. all of these answers are correct

Mary Ainsworth developed the strange situation, which

a. is a means of assessing infant attachment.

b. puts a child in a room with crying children.

c. puts a child in a room with multiple strange adults.

d. all of these answers are correct

a. is a means of assessing infant attachment.

An infant who remains calm when its mother leaves and responds to her return in a rejecting manner is displaying _________ attachment.

a. disoriented

b. resistant

c. avoidant

d. ambivalent

c. avoidant

Which of the following is true about mothers of children from different attachment groups?

a. Often, it's the timing of actions rather than the actions themselves that differ between groups.

b. Mothers of secure and avoidant babies spend similar amounts of time holding their babies.

c. Mothers of secure babies respond quickly to their actions.

d. all of these answers are correct

d. all of these answers are correct

Mothers of securely attached infants and mothers of avoidant infants

a. return their babies' smiles at the same pace.

b. spend the same amount of total time holding their babies.

c. are more responsive than other mothers to their babies' crying.

d. are emotionally involved with their babies.

b. spend the same amount of total time holding their babies.

Infant attachment coded at age 1 is highly predictive of responses to parents at age

a. 6.

b. 10.

c. 12.

d. 16.

a. 6.

People with ambivalent attachment report that falling in love

a. is almost impossible.

b. takes a lot of work.

c. is easy and can happen "at first sight."

d. is a waste of time.

c. is easy and can happen "at first sight."

Following a breakup, people from which group are most likely to turn to family and friends?

a. Secure

b. Ambivalent

c. Avoidant

d. Dependent

a. Secure

According to Bartholomew and Horowitz, people with avoidant attachment can be further divided in to which two subgroups?

a. Dismissive and hateful

b. Dismissive and fearful

c. Dismissive and anxious

d. Dismissive and ambivalent

b. Dismissive and fearful

According to Baldwin's work on attachment,

a. most people have the same attachment style in all of their relationships.

b. attachment style is quite unstable over time.

c. most people have more than one attachment style across relationships.

d. infant attachment bears little resemblance to adult attachment.

c. most people have more than one attachment style across relationships.

Who is LEAST likely to seek support as anxiety increases?

a. Those who are secure

b. Those who are avoidant

c. Those who are ambivalent

d. Those who are disorganized or disoriented

b. Those who are avoidant

Who was most likely to use social support during the threat of missile attacks in Israel?

a. Those who were secure

b. Those who were ambivalent

c. Those who were avoidant

d. Those who were disorganized or disoriented

a. Those who were secure

Which of the following romantic pairings is rarest?

a. A secure and an avoidant individual

b. An ambivalent and an avoidant individual

c. Two secure individuals

d. Two ambivalent individuals

d. Two ambivalent individuals

Using the categorical model of attachment, studies have found that avoidants tend to be

________, secures tend to be _________, and ambivalents tend to be

a. introverted; extraverted; neurotic.

b. neurotic; conscientious; introverted.

c. neurotic; extraverted; introverted.

d. introverted; intelligent; neurotic.

a. introverted; extraverted; neurotic.

Unlike Freud, Erikson believed that personality development

a. proceeds in an orderly sequence of stages that everyone experiences.

b. continues to evolve throughout life.

c. is divided into the id, ego, and superego.

d. none of these answers are correct

b. continues to evolve throughout life.

One of Erikson's most important contributions to psychology was the notion of

a. children continuing to develop even after the onset of adolescence.

b. boys and girls developing differently.

c. life-span development.

d. unconscious forces in development.

c. life-span development.

According to Erikson, the conscious experience of self is called

a. ego identity.

b. functional autonomy.

c. primary ego autonomy.

d. secondary ego identity.

a. ego identity.

According to Erikson, ego identity

a. constantly changes across the lifespan.

b. remains stable from infancy on.

c. changes up through early childhood and then remains stable.

d. changes up through late adolescence and then remains stable.

a. constantly changes across the lifespan.

According to Erikson, each stage of psychosocial development is marked by a(n)

a. rapid period of psychological growth.

b. initial regression to an earlier stage of development.

c. psychosocial crisis.

d. all of these answers are correct

c. psychosocial crisis.

According to Erikson, the successful negotiation of a stage of development results in

a. ego strength.

b. the superego.

c. pride.

d. self-acceptance.

a. ego strength.

The crisis encountered in the infancy stage of psychosocial development is

a. autonomy versus shame and doubt.

b. basic trust versus basic mistrust.

c. initiative versus guilt.

d. industry versus initiative.

b. basic trust versus basic mistrust.

Will develops immediately following the resolution of the

a. trust versus mistrust conflict.

b. autonomy versus shame and doubt conflict.

c. initiative versus guilt conflict.

d. industry versus inferiority conflict.

b. autonomy versus shame and doubt conflict.

The psychosocial conflict that occurs during the preschool years (about ages 3-5) is called

a. trust versus mistrust.

b. industry versus inferiority.

c. autonomy versus shame.

d. initiative versus guilt.

d. initiative versus guilt.

Those who have reached the school-age psychosocial stage are

a. learning the nature of adult work.

b. being introduced to the tools of adult work.

c. acquiring the role of citizenship.

d. all of these answers are correct

d. all of these answers are correct

Competence develops from successful adaptation to the

a. preschool stage.

b. school age stage.

c. adolescence stage.

d. young adulthood stage.

b. school age stage.

The psychosocial stage, which represents a more dramatic break with the past than any other to this point, is

a. adolescence.

b. school age.

c. young adulthood.

d. preschool.

a. adolescence.

According to Erikson, identity derives from

a. a melding of private and social self-conceptions.

b. a resolution of the Oedipal conflict.

c. the willingness to share the most personal aspects of oneself with others.

d. the opportunity to explore the environment.

a. a melding of private and social self-conceptions.

In many ways, Erikson viewed acquisition of a _________ as a person's major life task.

a. feeling of belonging

b. well-modulated conscience

c. sense of identity

d. none of these answers are correct

c. sense of identity

How is attaining a sense of identity (in Erikson's sense) related to marriage?

a. Both men and women who have attained a sense of identity are more likely to get married.

b. Women who have attained a sense of identity are more likely to get married.

c. Women who have attained a sense of identity and marry are more likely to get divorced.

d. none of these answers are correct

d. none of these answers are correct

Research shows that

a. men with stronger identities are less likely to marry.

b. women with stronger identities are more likely to marry.

c. women with stronger identities who marry are less likely to divorce.

d. women with stronger identities who marry are more likely to divorce.

c. women with stronger identities who marry are less likely to divorce.

The psychosocial crisis in the adulthood stage is

a. integrity versus despair.

b. intimacy versus isolation.

c. generativity versus stagnation.

d. industry versus inferiority.

c. generativity versus stagnation.

A positive balance of generativity results in the ego quality of

a. care.

b. love.

c. belonging.

d. attentiveness.

a. care.

Emerging from the ego integrity versus despair crisis with a sense of integrity creates the ego quality of

a. care.

b. wisdom.

c. love.

d. belonging.

b. wisdom.

The term epigenetic developmental theory implies that

a. each crisis in development exists in a primitive form at birth and is present in some form at every other stage of development.

b. each crisis is experienced only once.

c. development proceeds in a smooth, continuous fashion.

d. development can simply go dormant for long periods of time (as in the latency stage).

a. each crisis in development exists in a primitive form at birth and is present in some form at every other stage of development.

The one fundamental theme that seems to run through all of the psychosocial theories is

a. personality development consists of stages.

b. people need to develop a sense of trust in their relationships.

c. people need to develop a sense of identity.

d. it is better to give than to receive.

b. people need to develop a sense of trust in their relationships.

From the psychosocial perspective, assessment often involves

a. the use of modified projective techniques.

b. paper and pencil measures.

c. measuring the person's view of relationships.

d. a kind of introspection.

c. measuring the person's view of relationships.

According to the psychosocial perspective, one of the best ways of assessing the personalities of children is to watch them while they

a. solve puzzles.

b. sleep.

c. play.

d. interact with each other.

c. play.

Using play to assess personality is objective in the sense that

a. the therapist is asked to form an impression of the child.

b. there is often a behavioral record.

c. the child's statements are rarely taken at face value.

d. all of these answers are correct

b. there is often a behavioral record.

Psychosocial therapists attribute behavioral problems to difficulties in

a. resolving id-superego conflicts.

b. the development of a conscience.

c. relationships.

d. learning.

c. relationships.

Pathological narcissists

a. need constant attention from others.

b. may erupt with extreme rage if thwarted.

c. display a sense of deserving others' adulation.

d. all of these answers are correct

d. all of these answers are correct

Kernberg claimed narcissism comes from

a. parental rejection.

b. insufficient ego development.

c. having every need and desire immediately fulfilled.

d. inadequate peer socialization.

a. parental rejection.

Avoidant attachment has been implicated in the development of

a. bulimia.

b. anxiety-disorders.

c. schizophrenia.

d. depression.

d. depression.

Psychosocial therapists emphasize _________ as part of the therapeutic process.

a. catharsis

b. sublimation

c. relationships

d. insight

c. relationships