World History Chapter 18--Industrial Revolution & European Society

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Industrial Revolution

the gradual sweeping technological changes in Great Britain shortly before the French Revolution

what factors made the revolution in Britain favorable

adequate food supply, large and mobile labor force, expansion of trade, social and political climate, and gradual reform

Jethro Tull

invented the seed “drill” (planter)

Charles Townsend

developed a new system of crop rotation, planting clover and turnips in a field instead of leaving it fallow out of season; also used fertilizer

Robert Bakewell

used selective breeding to produce larger, healthier farm animals

which industries were most affected by the Industrial Revolution

agriculture, textile, and factory systems

what industry did the Industrial Revolution make its real big breakthrough

the textile industry

John Kay

invented the flying shuttle, allowing a weaver to work faster and weave wider cloths

James Hargreaves

invented the spinning jenny, allowed eight threads to be spun simultaneously but produced weaker, coarser threads

Richard Arkwright

invented a spinning frame that produced superior threads and was powered by water

Samuel Crompton

invented the spinning mule that could be operated by a single person and spin a thousand threads at a time

Eli Whitney

American inventor of the cotton gin in 1793, which allowed the work of fifty men to be done by one

what significant changes took place for the average worker during the Industrial Revolution

1) they moved to urban areas to be near the factory
2) they no longer owned their own tools but used ones provided by the factory
3) they no longer controlled their work hours or the pace of working
4) they worked away from family more often

what was Britain’s most abundant natural resource

iron ore

Henry Cort

invented the process of “puddling” (stirring) iron ore in a furnace to remove impurities

Sir Henry Bessemer

discovered that shooting a jet of air into molten iron would rid it of more impurities and added carbon and other elements to produce steel

what was the nickname of the early stages of the Industrial Revolution

the “age of iron”

what was the nickname for the later stages of the Industrial Revolution

the “age of steel”

James Watt

Scotsman who designed the first practical and efficient steam engine

electric dynamo

machine that turned mechanical energy into electrical energy

John McAdam

devised a method of tightly packing crushed rocks (macadamizing)

Richard Trevithick

built a steam-powered locomotive

Robert Fulton

American who put a steam engine in a ship and created the steamboat

Orville and Wilbur Wright

made the first successful plane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

Henry Ford

began production of the famous Model T automobile in 1908

what new manufacturing methods made technological growth possible

automation, interchangeable parts, division of labor, and assembly lines

what were some consequences of the Industrial Revolution

poor living and working conditions and an increase in population and productivity

the Factory Act (1833)

bill passed by Parliament to limit child labor, banning children under 9 from working at textile mills and limiting 8-12 year olds work hours to 8 hours per day and 12 hours per day for 13-18 year olds

Poor Law of 1834

placed the national government in charge of relief measures for the old and sick

Mines Act (1842)

banned women and boys under ten from working in the mines

Ten Hour Bill (1847)

limited work hours of women and children to 10 hours a day

William Wilberforce

a member of Parliament and huge advocate for social reforms such as abolishing the slave trade and slavery

the Corn Laws

repealed by Parliament in 1846; had placed a high tariff on important grain

the Reform Bill of 1832

lowered property qualifications for voting, increasing the electorate by about 50%

Chartism

a movement that advocated universal manhood suffrage, the secret ballot, equal electoral districts, pay for members of Parliament, no property qualification for members of Parliament, and annual elections to Parliament

the second Reform Bill

reduced the property qualifications for voting, nearly doubling the electorate and shifting additional political power to Britain’s industrial centers

Benjamin Disraeli

liberal Parliament member who became the leader of the Tory (Conservative) Party, bought 44% of the shares in the Suez Canal from Egypt and enhanced British dominance in the Mediterranean

William Gladstone

leader of the liberal Party who placed moral convictions above political expediency and alternated as prime minister with Disraeli, emphasizing domestic reforms and attempting to pacify the Irish

the Parliament Bill (1911)

made it so that the House of Lords could only temporarily delay legislation passed by the House of Commons, not veto it directly

socialism

government ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods for the presumed welfare of society

Utopian socialism

the belief that if the inequities of society could be abolished, man’s natural goodness could be perfected

Robert Owen

a textile manufacturer who established Utopian socialist communities in Indiana that all eventually failed

Karl Marx

worked with Friedrich Engels to draw up the Communist Manifesto, a document detailing the aims and views of communism in 1848

proletariat

workers

bourgeoisie

middle class property owners, capitalists, and industrialists or factory owners

communism

a perfect society in which everyone is equal and gladly shares the fruit of his labor with others

how did Marx say the industrialists exploited the people

by paying less than they deserved

Fabians

British socialists who sought to achieve socialist society without revolution, taking their name from Quintus Fabius Maximus

Christian socialism

theological liberals who believed that Christianity and capitalism were incompatible

Robert Raikes

sought to teach the poor, illiterate, working-class children through Sunday schools

George Mueller

founder of the best known orphanages in Bristol, England

YMCA

the Young Men’s Christian Association, founded by George Williams in 1844, that was meant to emphasize educational, social, athletic, and spiritual development for young men

YWCA

Young Women’s Christian Association

William Booth

founded the Salvation Army, preaching the gospel and meeting the physical needs of the people around him and showing compassion to those most Christians were apathetic towards

Dwight L. Moody

evangelist who brought about a second surge of revival with his partner Ira Sankey

Charles Darwin

laid the basis for modern theories of biological evolution through his work On the Origin of Species (1859), attempting to prove that organisms developed from simple to complex structures through natural causes (evolution)

John Dalton

English Quaker who proposed that each chemical element was composed of particles called atoms that were distinct from the atoms of any other element, and is recognized as the formulator of the atomic theory

Dmitri Mendeleev

Russian chemist who organized the chemical elements into the periodic table according to atomic mass

Wilhelm Roentgen

accidentally discovered x-rays while experimenting with vacuum tubes

Henry Moseley

used x-rays to determine the number of protons in the atoms of an element, reordering the elements of the periodic table by atomic number

Pierre and Marie Curie

husband-and-wife team who found two new elements in a type of uranium ore called pitchblende and discovered that those radioactive elements broke down into simpler elements, indicating that all atoms and all matter are composed of even smaller particles

Ernest Rutherford

British physicist who stated that the atom is composed of at least two distinct parts: a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged atoms

Niels Bohr

Danish physicist who built off Rutherford’s theory, forming an atomic model that depicted a nucleus being orbited by electrons

Albert Einstein

showed the relationship between matter and energy (E = mc²) and formulated the theory of relativity

realism

a new form of artistic expression that portrayed things as they really were

Charles Dickens

English novelist, one of the earliest realist writers, and social critic who attacked injustice in society through his vivid portrayals of places such as industrial slums and debtors’ prisons

Thomas Hardy

British novelist who portrayed man as engaged in a hopeless struggle against impersonal forces beyond his control

Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain)

American novelist who used humor to convey ideas similar to Hardy’s

Leo Tolstoy

Russian novelist who realistically described life in Russia during the Napoleonic Wars

Gustave Courbet

a famous realist painter who said that “an abstract object, invisible or nonexistent, does not belong to the domain of painting”

impressionism

using light, color, and short choppy brush strokes to capture the vibrating nature of light in their art

Auguste Renoir and Claude Monet

two of the most famous French impressionists

Auguste Rodin

one of the foremost French sculptors of the nineteenth century who had a romantic subject matter but used an impressionistic technique

Claude Debussy

French impressionistic musician who used unique chord structures in his songs to express musically the shimmering effects of light, only vaguely outlining the melody and harmony in his works

Paul Cezanne

Frenchman who advocated postimpressionism and became a forerunner of cubism by using basic geometric shapes to compose his art

Vincent Van Gogh

Dutch painter who advocated postimpressionism and often distorted the figures in his paintings in an effort to portray the intense emotions he felt toward the subjects, and became a forerunner of expressionism