Unit 3 Child development: Newborns

What provides ALL needed nutrients for infants 1-6 months old?

Breastmilk or baby formula.

How often do infants typically need to eat in the first 1-6 months?

Every 2 hours.

What reduces spit up in infants?

Burping the baby, sitting up right, and not overfeeding.

What should you never do when feeding a baby to avoid choking hazards?

Prop up the bottle.

What issue can arise from propping up the bottle?

Baby tooth decay.

At what age should babies first be introduced to solid foods?

At 6 months old.

What does an infant need to support themselves before eating solid foods?

Good head and neck control.

What should you protect your child from when introducing solid foods?

Foodborne illnesses.

How long should you wait to introduce new fruits or vegetables?

3 days.

What should you start with when introducing solids to infants?

Cereal or oats.

How many tries might it take before a baby accepts a new food?

10+ tries.

What is an example of a type of grasp developed for feeding?

Pincer grasp.

What type of food should be avoided due to sugar content?

Desserts.

What consistency is recommended when introducing solid foods?

Single ingredient pureed veggies.

What should the baby have at 2 months when it comes to head and neck control?

Tummy time helps to develop head and neck muscles

What should the baby have at 3-4 months when it comes to head and neck control?

Eye muscles are developed

What should the baby have at 6 months when it comes to head and neck control?

Head control is almost complete most babies can raise their heads while lying on their backs

What should the baby have at 2-5 months when it comes to trunk control?

They learn to roll from front to back. Then, back to front

What should the baby have at 3-4 months when it comes to trunk control?

Can sit briefly with support

What should the baby have at 7 months when it comes to trunk control?

Can sit without support

What should the baby have at 6-8 months when it comes to leg control?

Infants start to learn how to crawl

What should the baby have learned after crawling when it comes to leg control?

Cruising, which means they are walking by holding onto something for support

What should the baby have at 12-14 months when it comes to leg control?

Walking

At 4 months what reflex is replaced and by what?

The palmer reflex is replaced by the voluntary grasping

What can an infant do at 9 months?

An infant can use their thumb and forefingers to pinch and grasp objects: pincer grasp

By the end of the first year the infant is likely to: be about how many times long as when he was born?

1 1/2

By the end of the first year the infant is likely to: how many times his birthweight?

3

By the end of the first year the infant is likely to: have about what times the head circumference he had when he was born?

1 1/3

An infant’s head makes up about what percentage of their total length?

25%

what are deciduous teeth?

tooth buds which are the foundation of the babies teeth

what is skeletal growth?

refers to the changes in length, weight, and appearance of teeth

what is ossification?

the depositing of the minerals, calcium, and phosphorus into the bones and teeth

what is cutting teeth?

when teeth first emerge from the baby’s gums

what is oral hygiene?

cleaning a baby’s gums with a water soaked gauze pad after feeding which will stimulate gum tissue and prevent tooth decay

what is baby bottle tooth decay and what causes it?

It caused by the liquid from the bottle pooling in the baby’s mouth when they’re asleep. The sugars from the milk break down the tooth’s protective enamel resulting in tooth decay

what infants learn: concepts

an idea formed by combining what I known with about a person, object, place, or event

depth perception

The ability to tell how far something is. It requires Binocular vision. This is needed for safety purposes and is well developed by 3 months

object permanence

The ability to learn that people, objects, places still exist even when they are no longer seen, felt, or heard.

object concept

The ability to understand than an object, person, or event is separate from one’s interaction with it.

object identity

The ability to learn that an object remains the same even when its surrounding position, or context change

object constancy

The ability to learn that objects remain the same even if they come across the sense differently, such as lighting, distance, or perspective.

eye development: 1 month

Eyes might wander randomly or be crossed every now and then

eye development: 2 months

Baby starts to distinguish between darker colors such as red or orange

eye development: 3-4 months

Depth perception starts to develop and might try to grab objects

eye development: 5 months

Baby starts to track moving objects with their eyes and starts to develop object permanence

eye development: 8 months

Baby’s vision is almost as clear as adult vision and starts to recognize people and objects across the room

sensorimotor stage

birth-2 years: uses senses and motor skills to communicate, important for future intellectual development

practice reflexes from birth-4 months

sucking reflex, moro reflex, grasping reflex

5-8 months (repeating movements)

Mastering object permanence by looking to see where something has been dropped. Start understanding cause and effect.

Imitating

copying another person’s actions

problem solving

They might squeeze, hit, turn, and shake an object to see what it will do.

passive vocabulary

the word a person understands but does not say

active vocabulary

the words a person uses in writing and talking

emotional devleopment

starts at 2 months, express anger in physical ways, love, fear, anxiety, jealousy, joy, and sadness

disposition

a person’s inherent qualities of mind and character

temperment

a person’s tendency to react a certain way