Animal Phys Exam 4 Review

following fertilization, a zygote has

46 chromosomes

segregation of sister chromatids at

anaphase of meiosis II

meiosis makes

four non identical haploid cells

gametogenesis

gonads produce sex cells called gametes and secrete sex hormones

erythropoiesis

red blood cell formation

growth of pubic hair and axillary hair for a female are by

androgens secreted by adrenal cortex and ovary

mature sperm are stored in the

epididymis

estrogen in females promote

development of secondary sex characteristics

an ovulated egg enters

the fallopian tube

if an egg is fertilized,

zygote divides

after several divisions, a zygote becomes

blastocyst

blastocyst implants in the

endometrium of the uterus

inhibin

peptide hormone, inhibits FSH more than it inhibits LH

the peak of LH is necessary for

the release of the egg (ovulation)

estrogens rise during the follicular phase to

thicken the uterine lining and trigger the LH surge

progesterone is produced by the

corpus luteum after ovulation

progesterone maintains the

uterine lining for a potential pregnancy

oxytocin (OT)

surge of hormone released during sexual arousal and orgams

four main layers of the digestive tract

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

accessory digestive organs

pancreas, liver (bile)

amylase is released by the pancreas into small intestine to

break down carbohydrates

peptidases, trypsin - from pancreas to small intestine to

breaks down proteins

lipases from pancreas to small intestine to

break down fat

gastrointestinal tract wall - muscularis is composed of

smooth muscle

inner circular layer of tract wall contraction constricts

the tube lumen

outer longitudinal layer of tract wall contraction

shortens tube

myenteric nerve plexus

axons and ganglia between layers control contractions

mixing

backward and forward motion that lacks directional movement to blend ingested materials with secretions

propulsion

directional movement of materials through GI tract

propulsion occurs by

peristalsis

peristalsis

sequential contraction of muscularis, GI tract wall moves like a wave

inner circular layer of GI track thickened at locations to form a

sphincter, closes off lumen and controls passage of contents to next section of GI tract

increased rate of peristalsis (propulsion) =

decreased time for absorption in GI

salivary glands

lubricate mouth and throat

salivary amylase

helps break down starches/ carbohydrates in food

mastication

chewing

voluntary phase of swallowing

bolus of food is pushed by tongue against hard palate and then moves toward oropharynx

pharyngeal phase (involuntary)

as bolus moves into oropharynx, the soft palate and uvula elevate and close off the nasopharynx, and the larynx elevates so the epiglottis closes over laryngeal inlet

the stomach delivers

chyme to the small intestine

the stomach enzymatically digests proteins with

pepsin

the stomach secretes intrinsic factor required for

absorption of vitamin B12

what do epithelial goblet cells secrete

mucus to protect epithelial cell that line the GI

HCL is secreted by

parietal cells

HCL

denatures proteins and destroys pathogens

what enzymes are specific for disaccharides

maltase, sucrase, lactase