Jay Micro exam 3

A mutation from the most prevalent form of a gene to a mutant form is called a ____ mutation

Forward

A mutation that readily reverses to restore the original type would most likely be due to a

point mutation

A mutagen that inserts between the stacked bases of a DNA double helix, distorting the DNA to induce single-pair insertions or deletions is called a(n) ____ agent.

Intercalating

The mutagens 2-aminopurine and 5-bromouracil are examples of

Nucleotide base analogs

As the result of exposure to a mutagen, cytosine is substituted for thymine in one strand of DNA. Upon subsequent DNA replication, one of the daughter cells will have a GC pair in this position instead of an AT pair. This is called a(n) ____ mutation.

Transition

A ____ mutation is one that causes premature termination of e synthesis of the protein product.

Nonsense

Alternate forms of genes resulting from mutations are called

Alleles

A reciprocal exchange in which a pair of DNA with the same nucleotide sequence break and rejoin in a crossover is called ____ recombination.

Homologous

Which of these transposable elements do not carry genes for functions other than those needed for transposition?

Insertion sequences

Homologous recombination has been observed in

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Consider a mutation in which the change is from UAC to UAU. Both codons specify the amino acid tyrosine. Which type of point mutation is this?

Silent mutation

Transposition is similar to a

site-specific recombination event

Plasmids that govern their own transfer by cell contactare known as

Conjugative

Which of the following methods may best describe the approaches to introduce foreign DNA into a recipient?

Transformation, Transduction, and conjugation

Which of the following would NOT be a trait of a resistance plasmid?

It increases the host's growth rate

Which of the following is NOTrequired during homologous recombination?

Hfr

Which of the following describes the possible fate for an exogenate?

All of the choices

Genetic recombination involving insertion sequences typically results in what type of mutation?

Frameshift mutation

The uptake of naked DNA by a cell is ____, while transfer of DNA with cell-to-cell contact would most likely result in ____.

Transformation/ conjugation

Which of the following is true of the integration of a viral genome into the host chromosome?

It is a form of site-specific recombination and the enzymes are specific for the virus and its host

When bacterial genes are transferred to another bacterium by a virus, it is called:

Transduction

The most possiblemechanisms of bacterial antibiotic drug resistance:

All the above

Site-specific recombination systems

All of the choices

A plasmid may:

Replicate independently of the chromosome, integrate into the chromosome, or be transferred cell-to-cell during conjugation

Integration of linear transforming DNA into the chromosome:

Is catalyzed by the RecA gene

Plasmids that have genes that decrease bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics are called ____ factors.

Resistance

The F (fertility) plasmid contains set of gens that encode for the ____ proteins that are essential in conjugative transferof DNA

Pili

Direct repeats in the IS element are present ____

In the host DNA

The designations Phe-, Leu-, and Ser+refer to an organism's

Phenotype

In an HFR x F-mating, the conjugation bridge usually breaks before chromosomal transfer is complete. Therefore, the recipient remains F-.

True

An F+plasmid results when:

An integrated F plasmid is incorrectly excised, bringing host genes with it

When an F plasmid integrates into the host chromosome, the strain is referred to as

Hfr

F+ strains of Escherichia coli

have the F factor as a plasmid

Specialized transduction can be carried out by

Only those temperate bacteriophages that integrate into the host chromosome

A polymerase chain (PCR) copies an individual genesegmentin vitrowith a(n) ____ primer(s).

Pair of DNA

Recombinant DNA technology does notrely on which of the following enzymes?

RNA methylase

When a eukaryotic gene is cloned into a bacterium, the advantage of a complementary DNA (cDNA) gene being used instead of fragments of genomic DNA is that

The introns have been removed from the cDNA gene but not from the genomic fragment

DNA copies (cDNA) are synthesized from the mRNA by ____

Reverse transcription

A ____ is a DNA molecule used in hybridization reactions to detect the presence of a particular gene in separated DNA fragments by microarray

Probe

The three steps that take place in each cycle during PCR occur in which order?

DNA denaturation, annealing, and extension synthesis

Which of the following is not trueof cloning vectors?

They contain at least two replication origins

Which of the following can be used as vectors for cloning DNA fragments?

all of the choices

Plasmid cloning vector DNA is usually introduced into bacterial hosts by

Transformation

Plasmid vectors often contain ____ genes that can be used to screen for recombinants

Antibiotic resistance

The principle behind a nucleic acid probe design is that the probe itself must contain

A key complementary part of the target gene sequence of interest

The first generation of DNA sequencing technology called the Sanger method relies on

The incorporation of dideoxynucleotides that terminate chain extension during DNA synthesis

Most automated nucleotide sequencing machines detect bands by

Laser induced fluorescence

An open reading frame (ORF) is

region of the nucleotide sequences from the start codon (ATG) to the stop codon

When two or more genes from the same genome have nucleotide sequences so alike that they most probably arose from gene duplication. Those genes are called

Paralogs

Microarray technology is used to measure the

Levels of specific RNA's expressed by cells

The study of molecular organization of genomes, their gene information content, and gene products they encode.

Genomics

Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of microorganisms has revealed important information about their metabolic potential.

True

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis:

All of the choices

The study of environmental metagenomics employs a cultivation-independent technique

True

In general, prokaryotic genome size is correlated to lifestyle. Which type of prokaryote typically has the smallest genome

Parasitic pathogen

Genome assembly relies on

Overlap of a large number of short sequences

Transcriptome analysis is useful in relation to genome analysis because:

It analyzes RNA, thus it reveals which genes are expressed under different conditions

Which of the following IS NOT TRUEabout the G + C content percentages in DNA of organisms?

Organisms with similar G + C percentages have similar base sequences

Homologous genes are best described as genes that

Have a common ancestral gene

Horizontal gene transfer:

Is common and may sometime occur between unrelated organisms

Microbial species have a core genome and a pan genome. What is the difference between the two?

The core genome is a set of genes shared by all members of a species, while the pan genome includes the core genes as well as genes that are not shared by all members

Comparative genomics helps us to understand evolutionary relationships between organisms.

True

The proteins used to cut DNA molecules at specific places so that scientists can isolate pieces with the desired genes

Restriction enzymes

Which type of genomics studies the transcripts and proteins expressed by a genome?

Functional genomics

The whole-genome shotgun sequencing approach depends primarily on

Sequencing thousands of small randomly cloned fragments

The goal of ____ is to determine the location of specific genes within the genome

Annotation

Which of the following is NOT a common stepin creating a genomic library?

Hybridize DNA sequences to form inserts of a target size range

Which of these are generally reasonable steps for Illumina Next Generation Sequencing?

DNA extraction, adding adapters, cluster amplification, sequencing by synthesis, data alignment and analysis