Psy-200 Chp1- basic summary 6/15

Psychology

The scientific study of mind and behavior.

Etymology of "psychology"

"Psych" means soul, and "ology" means the scientific study of.

Three components of psychology

Affective (feelings), Behavioral (actions), and Cognitive (thoughts).

Structuralism

Understanding the conscious experience through introspection.

Wilhelm Wundt

Founder of psychology who created the first research laboratory and championed structuralism.

Introspection

Examining one's own conscious experience to break it into component parts.

Edward Titchener

Student of Wundt who brought structuralism to America.

Margaret Floy Washburn

The first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.

Functionalism

Focused on how mental activities help an organism adapt to its environment.

William James

The first American psychologist, who established the perspective of functionalism.

Mary Whiton Calkins

Early memory researcher denied a Ph.D. because of her gender.

Psychoanalytic Theory

Perspective focusing on the role of the unconscious and early childhood experiences.

Sigmund Freud

Founder of psychoanalytic theory who emphasized the unconscious mind and dream analysis.

Gestalt Psychology

Focuses on understanding humans as a whole rather than individual parts.

Behaviorism

Focuses strictly on observing and controlling measurable behavior.

John B. Watson

The father of behaviorism, who focused on observable behavior.

Classical Conditioning

Learning process where a reflex response is associated with a new stimulus.

Ivan Pavlov

Discovered classical conditioning through his research on dog salivation reflexes.

Operant Conditioning

Modifying voluntary behavior through reinforcement and punishment.

B.F. Skinner

Behaviorist who introduced reinforcement and developed operant conditioning.

Albert Bandura

Demonstrated that individuals learn through imitation in his Bobo doll study.

Humanism

Perspective emphasizing the innate potential for good in all humans.

Carl Rogers

Humanist who developed client-centered therapy and emphasized unconditional positive regard.

Unconditional Positive Regard

An attitude of total acceptance of others despite their failings.

Abraham Maslow

Humanist who proposed a hierarchy of human needs motivating behavior.

Cognitive Revolution

1950s shift refocusing psychology on mental functioning and scientific inquiry of mind.

Noam Chomsky

Linguist who helped initiate the cognitive revolution by emphasizing mental processes.

Biopsychology

Study of how the nervous system, hormones, and genetics generate behavior.

Evolutionary Perspective

Focuses on the biological bases of universal, adaptive mental traits.

Sociocultural Perspective

Focuses on how behavior is influenced by other people, groups, and culture.

Sensation vs. Perception

Sensation is raw sensory information; perception is the subjective interpretation of it.

Developmental Psychology

Scientific study of physical and mental attributes of aging and maturation.

Biopsychosocial Model

Suggests health is determined by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

Clinical Psychology

Branch focusing on diagnosing and treating psychological disorders and problematic behaviors.

Forensic Psychology

Branch of psychology dealing with the justice and legal system.

Principles of Psychology

The first psychology textbook, written by William James.

The Animal Mind (1908)

An authoritative text on animal behavior published by Margaret Floy Washburn.

Core Conditions of Counseling

Rogers' five therapeutic conditions: warmth, empathy, respect, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness.

Industrial-Organizational Psychology

Branch applying psychological theories and principles to workplace environments and organizational structures.

Sports and Exercise Psychology

Study of psychological aspects of physical performance, motivation, and performance anxiety.

Lev Vygotsky

Soviet psychologist who was a pioneer of the sociocultural approach to psychology.