CHEM TEST 3

What is a strong acid?

An acid that completely dissociates in water and releases H+ ions.

What is a weak acid?

An acid that only partially dissociates in water.

What is a strong base?

A base that completely dissociates in water and releases OH- ions.

What is a weak base?

A base that only partially reacts in water and does not fully dissociate.

HCl

Strong acid

HBr

Strong acid

HI

Strong acid

HNO3

Strong acid

HClO4

Strong acid

H2SO4

Strong acid

CH3COOH

Weak acid

Acetic acid

Weak acid

NaOH

Strong base

KOH

Strong base

LiOH

Strong base

Ca(OH)2

Strong base

Ba(OH)2

Strong base

NH3

Weak base

H2O

Neither strong acid nor strong base

Which is a strong acid: HCl or CH3COOH?

HCl

Which is a weak acid: HCl or CH3COOH?

CH3COOH

Which is a strong base: NaOH or NH3?

NaOH

Which is a weak base: NaOH or NH3?

NH3

What does pH measure?

The concentration of H+ in a solution.

What does pOH measure?

The concentration of OH- in a solution.

Formula for pH

pH = -log[H+]

Formula for pOH

pOH = -log[OH-]

Relationship between pH and pOH

pH + pOH = 14

Formula for [H+] from pH

[H+] = 10^(-pH)

Formula for [OH-] from pOH

[OH-] = 10^(-pOH)

If a strong acid has concentration 0.050 M, what does that equal?

[H+] = 0.050 M

If a strong base has concentration 0.050 M, what does that equal?

[OH-] = 0.050 M

What are the units of molarity?

mol/L

Formula for molarity

M = moles / liters

Formula for dilution

M1V1 = M2V2

What happens in a neutralization reaction?

An acid reacts with a base to form water and a salt.

Acid + base → ?

salt + water

NaOH + HCl → ?

NaCl + H2O

In NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O, which is the acid?

HCl

In NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O, which is the base?

NaOH

In NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O, what are the products?

NaCl and H2O

What does “like dissolves like” mean?

Polar substances dissolve polar substances and nonpolar substances dissolve nonpolar substances.

Is water polar or nonpolar?

Polar

Is gasoline polar or nonpolar?

Nonpolar

Is hexane polar or nonpolar?

Nonpolar

Is methanol polar or nonpolar?

Polar

Is cooking oil polar or nonpolar?

Nonpolar

Why is gasoline not soluble in water?

Gasoline is nonpolar and water is polar.

Why is hexane soluble in cooking oil?

Both are nonpolar.

Is NaCl soluble in water?

Yes, because water is polar and can dissolve ions.

Is O2 very soluble in water?

No, because O2 is nonpolar.

Which is more soluble in water: methanol or butane?

Methanol

Which is more soluble in water: ethanol or butane?

Ethanol

Which is least soluble in water: CH3OH, CH3CH2OH, CH3CH2OCH2CH3, CH3CH2CH2CH3?

CH3CH2CH2CH3

Which is most soluble in water: CH3OH, CH3CH2OH, CH3CH2OCH2CH3, CH3CH2CH2CH3?

CH3OH

General solubility trend with these molecules

More polar and smaller molecules are more soluble in water.

What is an alkane?

A hydrocarbon with only single bonds.

What is an alkene?

A hydrocarbon with at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

What is an alkyne?

A hydrocarbon with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.

What is an alcohol?

An organic compound containing an -OH group.

What is an ether?

An organic compound with C-O-C.

What is an ester?

An organic compound with -COO- between carbons.

What is a carboxylic acid?

An organic compound containing -COOH.

What is an amine?

An organic compound containing nitrogen, usually -NH2, -NHR, or -NR2.

What is an aldehyde?

An organic compound with a terminal carbonyl group.

What is a ketone?

An organic compound with an internal carbonyl group.

Single bonds only

Alkane

Contains C=C

Alkene

Contains C≡C

Alkyne

Contains -OH

Alcohol

Contains C-O-C

Ether

Contains -COO-

Ester

Contains -COOH

Carboxylic acid

Contains N such as -NH2

Amine

Contains terminal C=O

Aldehyde

Contains internal C=O

Ketone

CH4

Alkane

CH3CH3

Alkane

CH2=CH2

Alkene

CH3CH=CH2

Alkene

HC≡CH

Alkyne

CH3C≡CH

Alkyne

CH3OH

Alcohol

CH3CH2OH

Alcohol

CH3OCH3

Ether

CH3CH2OCH3

Ether

CH3COOCH3

Ester

CH3CH2COOCH3

Ester

CH3COOH

Carboxylic acid