cancer

Cancer cells break off from the tumor where they originates, travel through the bloodstream or lymph vessels, and establish new tumors in distant sites

metastasis

EMT

epithelial mesenchymal transition

Occurs when epithelial cells become mesenchymal cells

EMT

EMT allows epithelial cells to

travel

MET

mesenchymal epithelial transition

Occurs when mesenchymal cells become epithelial cells

MET

MET allows mesenchymal cells to

join target organs

Most common cancers in men (in order)

prostate, lung and bronchus, colon and rectum

Most common cancers in women (in order)

breast, lung and bronchus, colon and rectum

Cancer diagnosis can only be confirmed through

histology via biopsy

Are cancer screening tests diagnostic?

No

Disease ______ refers to extensiveness of the disease, including extent, size, and metastasis

stage

Disease ______ refers to histopathalogical features related to behavior and aggressiveness

grade

The TNM system describes disease _____

stage

___ describes the size and extent of the tumor (between 1-4)

T

__ describes whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes (0-3)

N

___ describes whether the cancer has metastasized (0-1)

M

3 categories of metastasis

local, regional, distant

Only qualifier for stage 4 cancer

metastasis

Tumor size at stage 2 cancer

2-5cm

Nodal involvement at stage 2 cancer

no or es

Treatment prior to primary treatment to improve primary treatment/overall success

neo-adjuvant

(T/F) neo-adjuvant treatment can involve surgery

false

Intention ot treatment is to cure the cancer

creative/primary treatment

Treatment that occurs after primary treatment to improve overall success

adjuvant

Types of treatment with a goal of preventing cancer recurrence

adjuvant

Intention of treatment is so slow progression, reduce disease burden, and control the disease

palliative

Most common side effect of cancer and treatment

cancer-related fatigue

(T/F) physical activity is a recommended treatment for fatigue

true

(T/F) Cancer-related fatigue is due to multiple organ systems

true

Bone and muscle loss system

musculoskeletal

Anemia and cardiac deficiency system

cardiovascular

Fat gain and decreased appetite system

metabolic

Vomiting and incontinence system

gastrointestinal

Immunocompromization system

immune

Skin rashes, burns and hair loss system

dermatological

Distress, depression, anxiety system

psychological

Side effect of treatment that affects 50-90% of patients

pain

____ is a predictor of cancer survival

pain

Low red blood cell count

erythrocytopenia

Danger of erythrocytopenia is compromised _____

oxygen delivery

Low platelet count

thrombocytopenia

Danger of thrombocytopenia is compromised

blood clotting

Network of vessels that transport immune-cell rish fluid to facilitate immune response

lymphatic system

The lymphatic system is often a primary site for

metastasis

_____ can often be removed, destroyed, or damaged during cancer therapy

lymph nodes

Swelling due to build-up of fluid in the body tissues when the lymph system is damaged or blocked

lymphedema

Lymphedema is most common in te

arms and legs

Lymphedema can be caused by

tumor, dissection, radiation

Symptoms of ____ include pain, discomfort, dysfunction, disability, infection risk, lymphorrhea, ulcers, and necrosis

lymphedema

____ is a common result of cancer and its treatments, in 20-50% of patients

depression

⅕ cancer patients have

anxiety

Leisure time is not associated with this kind of cancer

malignant melanoma

____ is directly related to adiposity, metabolic dysfunction and inflammation, which is cancer development and progression

low physical activity

Exercise before treatment

exercise before treatment

Exercise can behind as soon as

pre-treatment

Low anaerobic threshold is predictive of adverse ______ outcomes

postoperative

Prehabilitation is beneficial because it increases the patient’s

baseline

Most medications can cause ______ postoperative outcomes

worse

Chemo treatment can affect cardiorespiratory fitness by causing damage to the

myocardium

(T/F)

exercise can decrease pain, improve cardiorespiratory fitness, reduce symptoms of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, decrease anxiety and depression symptoms, and improve overall quality of life

(T/F) exercise can create environmental deadly to tumors

true

Polypeptide hormone secreted by the liver and other tissues important for cell growth, proliferation, and survival

insulin-like growth factor

Contributes to malignant transformation, tumor growth, local invasion distance metastasis, and resistance to treatment

____ manifest in hypoxic, unvascularized, and glycolytic environments

tumors

normalizes tumor vasculature, increases endothelial adhesion molecules expression, promotes extravasation of cytotoxic immune cells

exercise

Sedentary conditions inhibit ___ cells, stopping them from killing tumors

cytotoxic

Exercise increases vascularization and immune cell delivery, increasing intratumoral

perfusion

____ cancer normally metastasizes to the bone, brain, liver, and lung

breast

____ cancer normally metastasizes to the liver, lung, and peritoneum

colon

____ cancer normally metastasizes to the adrenal glands, bone, brain, and lung

lung

____ cancer normally metastasizes to the adrenal gland, bone, and lung

prostate

Third common common site of metastasis

bones

The most dangerous metastasis side for breast cancer, with 3 months survival

liver

Common symptom of bone metastasis is pathologic

fractures

Types of bone metastasis with destruction of normal bone, mediated by osteoclasts

osteolytic

Type of bone metastasis with deposition of new bone, mediated by osteoblasts

osteoblastic

Condition characterized by muscle loss, fat loss, inflammation, insulin resistance, fatigue, anorexia, anemia, and hypogonadism

cachexia

A multifactorial syndrome defined by ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass (and often fat mass) that cannot be fully reversed by conventional nutritional support and leads to progressive functional impairment

cachexia

A complex metabolic syndrome associated with underlying illness and characterized by loss of muscle mass with or without loss of fat mass

cachexia

Loss of muscle mass and function associated with aging

sarcopenia

Weight loss due to an underlying illness

cachexia

Multifactorial geriatric syndeon

sarcopenia

Metabolic syndrome in which weight loss and inflammation are key features

cachexia

______ can be an underlying condition of ______

cachexia, sarcopenia

(T/F) fatigue and pain are absolute contraindications

false