PCOG GUMS AND RESINS

Resin

Amorphous products with complex chemical nature

Resin

They are end products of metabolism

Resin

Found in the schizogenous and schizolysigenous ducts or cavities

Resin

Physical Properties

• Usually hard, transparent, or translucent

Resin

They are complex mixtures of resin acids, resin alcohols, resinotannols, esters and resenes

Resin

Insoluble in water, but dissolved in alcohol or other organic solvents

Resin

They believed to be oxidation products of terpene

Purified resins

are usually brittle, amorphous solids that fuse readily when heated, altering passing through a preliminary stage of softening

varnish-like film

On evaporation, these solutions deposit the resin as a

Resin

Burn with characteristic smoky flame

Resins

are generally distributed in plants and rarely in the insects (e.g. Shellac

schizolysigenous ducts

Resins are present in the ducts or cavities known as

Normal or physiological resin

resins that are preformed in the plants and making injury to the plants can increase their yield (resin of Pinus)

Abnormal or pathological resin

resins that are found in the plants inly when injury or incision is made (benzoin, Tolu balsam)

Ginger

Resin cells can be found in

Pine wood

Schizogenous ducts or Shizolysigenous ducts or cavities can be found in

Cannabis

Glandular hairs can be found in

Oleoresins

naturally occurring mixtures of a volatile oil and a resin

Gum resins

resin associated with gum

Oleo-gum resins

a naturally occurring mix of volatile oil, gums/mucilagenous compound with a resin

Glycoresins

resins in combination with sugar compounds via Glycosidal linkages

Balsams

resins in combination with benzoic or cinnamic acid either free or combined

in concentrated extract by addition of large proportion of water (e.g. Jalap, Ipomea, Podophyllum)

ISOLATION OF RESINS - By extracting the drug with alcohol and precipitating resins present

1. By extracting the drug with alcohol and precipitating resins present in concentrated extract by addition of large proportion of water

2. By distillation for separation of oils (e.g. Copaiba, Colophony)

3. By heating the plant parts (e.g. Guacum)

4. As plant exudates my making incision (e.g. Myrrh, Asafoetida, Balsams)

5. By collecting fossil resins (e.g. Copal, Kaury)

6. By processing the incrustations* (e.g. Shellac)

ISOLATION OF RESINS:

ISOLATION OF RESINS

In some exceptionally rare instances, the resin occurs as a result of sucking the juice of the plants by scale insects and converting the sucked juice into the resinous substance that ultimately covers the insect itself and twigs of the plant (e.g. Laccifer lacca)

RESINATES

These are metallic salts of resin acids that are used extensively in the manufacture of cheap soaps and varnishes.

RESENES

Complex neutral substances devoid of characteristic chemical properties

GLYCORESINS

Produced by combining resins with sugars glycosylation

RESINOTANNOLS

Complex alcohols of high molecular weight that give a tannin reaction with iron salts.

Pinus palustris (Pinaceae)

Rosin botanical source

Rosin

Uses:

Stiffening Agent

Paint

Colophony

Rosin other name

Podophyllum peltatum (Berberidaceae)

Podophyllum botanical source

Podophyllum

Use: Anti-mitotic

Drastic purgative

Ipomoea purga (Convolvulaceae)

Jalap botanical source

Jalap

Use: Catharthic

HYDRAGOGUE, PURGATIVE

Eriodictyon californicum (Hydrophyllaceae)

Eriodictyon botanical source

Yerba Santa

Eriodictyon other name:

Eriodictyon

Disguise the bitterness of Quinine

Pistacia lentiscus (Anacardiaceae)

Mastic botanical source

Mastic

Use: Dental varnish

Piper methysticum (Piperaceae)

Kava botanical source:

Kava

Use: Muscle relaxants

Cannabis sativa (Cannabinaceae)

Hashish botanical source:

Bhang or Hashish

Use: Contains THC (hallucinogen)

Dried flowering tops Sedative, analgesic, antianxiety, anticonvulsant, antitussive

Bhang or Hashish

It consists of the larger leaves and • twigs of both male and female plants. It is smoked. It is unfit for medicinal use owing to absence of resin.

Mastiche

Mastic is also known as

mandragora

European mandrake is

Podophyllotoxin

For making anticancer drug, Etoposide

Mandrake or mayapple

Podophyllum is Also known as

Rosin

Podophyllum

Eriodictyon

Jalap

Mastic

Kava

Hashish

TRUE RESINS:

Pinus palustris

Turpentine botanical source

Capsicum frustescens (Solanaceae)

Capsicum botanical source

capsaicin

Capsicum contains

Pinus strobus

White Pine botanical source

Copaifera officinalis (Fabaceae)

Balsam of Copaiba botanical source

Balsam of Copaiba

NOT a true balsam

CAYENNE PEPPER

COUNTERIRRITANT, EXTERNAL

• ANALGESIC

Turpentine

Capsicum

White Pine

Ginger

Balsam of Copaiba

OLEORESIN (+VO):

-MYRRH

-ASAFETIDA

-OLIBANUM

OLEOGUMRESINS:

Commiphora molmol (Burseraceae)

MYRRH botanical source

MYRRH

Tears from the stem

Incense and perfume

Ferula asafoetida (Apiaceae)

ASAFOETIDA botanical source

ASAFOETIDA

Exudate of the decapitated rhizome Carminative and expectorant

-STORAX

-PERUVIAN BALSAM

-TOLU BALSAM

BALSAMS:

Myrrh

Use: Astringent

Asafetida

AKA: Devil's dung

Carminative, Flavorant

Liquidambar orientalis (Hammamelidaceae)

STORAX botanical source

Myroxylon balsamum var.pereirae (Fabaceae)

PERU BALSAM botanical source

PERU BALSAM

Exudate of the stem

Scabicide, parasiticide, diarrhea

Myroxylon balsamum (L) Harms. (Fabaceae)

TOLU BALSAM botanical source

TOLU BALSAM

Exudate of the stem

Expectorant, stimulant and antiseptic

Styrax benzoin (Styraceae)

SUMATRA BENZOIN botanical source

SUMATRA BENZOIN

Incised stem

Carminative and expectorant

Jalap and Ipomea

Resins are local irritant and hence act as local cathartics

Podophyllum

As anti cancer

Cannabis

In bronchial asthma

Benzoin

Used externally as mild antiseptic in the form of tinctures

Turpentine and Colophony

ointment and plasters