final exam - completed material

language

symbolic communication system governed by grammar to form meaningful expressions

psycholinguistics

psychological and neurobiological factors in language acquisition and use

4 core areas of linguistics

linguistics, neurolinguistics, sociolinguistics computational linguistics

human language

communicative, symbolic, structured, generative, recursive, dynamic

phonemes vs morphemes

speech sounds vs carry meaning

semantics

syntax, context, culture

50

phonemes humans can process/ sec

coarticulation

pronouncing multiple phonemes at once, each influenced by the next

identifying word boundaries in continuous speech

challenge speech segmentation addresses

TRACE model

acoustic features, phonemes, and words

phonemic restoration effect

hearing missing sound based on context and prior knowledge

categorical perception

perceiving discrete phoneme categories from continuous sound

McGurk effect

visual input alters perceived speech sounds

word superiority effect

letters are recognized more accurately within real words than isolation

processes involved in reading

perception, language, memory, and thinking

core deficit in dyslexia

difficulty in phonological processing and word identification

general vs special process theories

uses standard cognition; used unique language modules

Chomskys lang acquisition device

innate mechanism that facilitates language learning

critical prd for lang acquisition

before 12 months

attention

selecting relevant info and ignoring irrelevant stimuli

spotlight metaphor

movable focus enhancing processing of selected info

filter metaphor

gates info flow, block unwanted input before higher processing

endogenous vs exogenous

voluntary and internally driven; reflexive and externally triggered

controlled vs automatic processing

effortful and serial; effortless and parallel

divided attention

multitasking

cocktail party effect

focusing on convo in noise while filtering others

change blindness

failure to notice large changes in a scene when attention is elsewhere

feature search vs conjunction search

fast and parallel; slower and serial (one at a time)

stroop effect

auto word reading interferes with controlled color naming causing slower responses

alerting, orienting, and executive control

3 core attentional networks in the brain

norepinephrine

supports alertness

late selection filter model

concentrating on something; notices their name being called

Posner cueing test

spotlight metaphor

inattentional blindness

failure to see objects when attention is focused elsewhere (gorilla experiment)

vigilance

maintaining readiness for important signals over time

cognitive psychology

mental activities like perception, learning, thinking, memory, and communication

structuralism

analyzes perceptions by breaking them in basic components using introspection

functionalism

emphasizes purpose and adaptive functions of cognition, not components

behaviorism

observable behavior shaped by environmental stimuli, rejecting internal mental states

inspired cognitive revolution

Developments in comp sci and info processing (Alan Turing)

controlled experiments

manipulate variables and measure outcomes to test theories abt mental processes

hypothesis

falsifiable statement explaining observations, open to rejection or confirmation

perception

interpreting sensory input to create meaningful representations of the world

attention on info processing

selects and prioritizes relevant info while filtering out irrelevant stimuli

sensory, short-term/working memory, long term memory

3 types of memory

learning

relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience

decision making vs problem solving

evaluates alternatives vs strategies to find solutions

experimental method

controlled experiments to gather data and test theories about mental processes

judgment

evaluating, assessing, and forming beliefs about info in our environment

decision making

choosing between alternatives, often under uncertainty

kahnemans dual process theory

fast, automatic thinking from slow deliberate thinking

fast system - dual process theory

unconscious, effortless, emotionally driven, and relies on pattern recognition

slow system - dual process theory

conscious, effortful, logical, used for complex tasks

trial and error in problem solving

various approaches until success is achieved

algorithms

step by step logical procedures that guarantee a solution

heuristics

mental shortcuts/ rules of thumb for quick judgments

availability heuristic

judging event likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind

representativeness heuristic

assessing probability by similarity to mental prototype/ stereotype

confirmation bias

tendency to seek and rmb info that confirms preexisting beliefs

anchoring bias

relying too heavily on the first piece of info when making estimates

structured decision tools

help mitigate biases and improve decision quality

implicit cognition

automatic, unconscious mental processes triggered by env stimuli

explicit cognition

conscious, controlled mental processes requiring deliberate attention and effort

implicit association test (iat)

unconscious biases by comparing reaction times to congruent and incongruent stimuli

impaction of implicit bias by iat

slower reaction times in incongruent conditions show implicit bias

mere exposure effect

repeated exposure to a stimulus increases liking, even wo conscious awareness

experimental evidence supporting mere exposure effect

preference for repeated nonsense words and unfamiliar symbols, even wo unconscious recognition

zajonc two system account

fast unconscious emotional memory drives liking separate from conscious recognition

familiarity vs recollection

fast automatic and implicit; slow effortful and explicit

processing fluency

prior exposure makes stimuli easier to process; misattributed as liking

real world application of mere exposure effect

advertising used repeated exposure to increase brand preference

repeated exposure on interpersonal relationships

proximity and repeated encounters increase liking and friendship formation

classroom activity demonstrating mere exposure effect

students rate unfamiliar words then rerate after repeated exposure showing increased liking

central nervous system

processes info and controls behavior; brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

transmits sensory info to cns and carries motor commands to body

sensory, motor, interneurons

3 types of neurons

neurons communicating electrochemically

action potentials and neurotransmitters at synapses

acetylcholine

initiates muscle movement, learning, and memory

medulla oblongata in hindbrain

controls breathing and heartbeat

thalamus

relays sensory info to cortex and back

limbic system

regulates emotion and memory thru interconnected structures

occipital lobe of cerebral cortex

responsible for visual processing

corpus callosum

connects left and right hemispheres of brain

left hemisphere

specializes in lang and logic

hippocampus

explicit memories of facts and events

brain lateralization; split brain

language is typically processed in the left hemisphere, right hemisphere cannot communicate verbally after corpus callosum is severed

orienting network

responsible for selecting sensory information and spatial attention

basal ganglia

procedural memory and reward anticipation

sensation

detecting stimuli via sensory receptors and converting into neural impulses

perception

selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input in brain

transduction in sensory systems

converting sensory stimuli into neural impulses by sensory receptors

rods and cones

2 main photoreceptors in retina

ventral stream (what)

object identity in vision

bottom up processing

assembles features from sensory input wo prior knowledge

template matching theory

proposes perception matches input to stored templates in memory

gestalt law of proximity

elements close together grouped

binocular disparity

difference bw each eye’s view (judge distance)

analog/pictorial theory

mental images are spatial and resemble actual pictures, preserving metric info

paivios dual code theory

posits separate pictorial and verbal codes for storing info

cognitive map

internal rep of spatial environments and relationships