OChem Exam 3 💔🥀

Covalent EN bond hierarchy

order these:

C to Li, H, O, C, N

O to H, S

F to H

H-F > C-Li > O-H > C-O, S-O > N-H > C-N > C-N > C-H > C-C

Know these strong acids

HI - hydroiodic acid

HCl - hydrochloric acid

HBr - hydrobromic acid

HNO3 - Nitric acid

H2SO4 - Sulfuric acid

HClO4 - Perchloric acid

Know these strong bases

LiOH - lithium hydroxide

NaOH - sodium hydroxide

KOH - Potassium hydroxide

Ca(OH)2 - Calcium hydroxide

Ba(OH)2 - Barium hydroxide

Sr(OH)2 - Strontium hydroxide

Define Nucleophile (lewis acid) and electrophile (lewis base)

Nuc: donates electrons

Elec: accepts electrons

Arrhenius acids and bases

Acid: dissociate in water to make H3O+

Base: dissociate in water to make OH-

Bronsted Lowry acids and bases

Acid - proton donor

Base - proton acceptor

Strong acids will have…

__ charge

__ EN

__ Resonance

__ Size

__ S-character

__ Inductive

__ Solvation

Strong acids will have…

(+) charge

High EN

Adding Resonance is good

Large atom Size

Large % S-character

EWG Inductive

Solvent stablizes it = good

Strong bases will have…

__ charge

__ EN

__ Resonance

__ Size

__ S-character

__ Inductive

__ Solvation

( - )charge

Low EN

Adding Resonance is good

Small Size

Less % S-character

EDG Inductive

Solvents stabilizing it = good

HI pKa

-10

HBr pKa

-9

H3O+ pKa

-1.7

HF pKa

3.2

HNO2 pKa

3.4

CH2CO2H pKa

4.8

H2S pKa

7

NH4 pKa

9.4

Phenol pKa

10

H2O pKa

15.7

CH3CH2OH pKa

15.9

CH3COCH3 pKa

20

HC≡CH pKa

25

NH3 pKa

36

CH4 pKa

50

CH3CH3

50