400 item

What are the impulse-conducting cells of the nervous system called?

Cranial nerve V

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A semi-permeable membrane that protects the brain from harmful substances.

Which neurons detect sensations?

Afferent neurons

What does the sympathetic nervous system do to heart rate and digestive activity?

Increases heart rate and decreases digestive activity.

What happens to the charge difference across the axon membrane when an action potential begins?

It becomes positive inside and negative outside.

How is a nerve impulse transmitted across a synapse?

By the release of a neurotransmitter.

What kind of nerves are spinal nerves?

Mixed nerves

What is saltatory conduction?

Faster nerve impulse conduction due to myelination.

Which part of the brain controls vital functions like heart rate and breathing?

Medulla oblongata

What is a characteristic of the somatic nervous system?

Voluntary control of skeletal muscles.

In which phase of a nerve cell can it not respond to a new stimulus?

Refractory period

Which key nerve is part of the sacral plexus?

Sciatic nerve

What is true about cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

It circulates around the brain and spinal cord.

Which brain structure influences many organs and controls the autonomic nervous system?

Hypothalamus

Injury to which part of the brain can cause personality changes?

Frontal lobe

Which area of the brain receives sensory information from the body?

Postcentral gyrus

Which cranial nerve supplies many organs in the body?

Vagus nerve

Injury to which nerve can affect pupil response to light?

Optic nerve

What is one action of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Constriction of pupils.

What do cholinergic fibers secrete?

Acetylcholine.

What determines the effect of a neurotransmitter?

The type of receptor.

What is the blood-brain barrier effective against?

Anesthetics.

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems subdivisions of?

Autonomic nervous system.

What is an action potential?

A nerve impulse.

What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system opposite to?

Parasympathetic nervous system.

Which brain area is involved in speech production?

Broca's area.

Which cells are not a type of neuroglia in the CNS?

Schwann cells.

Which lobe contains the primary motor area?

Frontal lobe.

What are the elevated ridges and shallow grooves on the cerebral cortex called?

Gyri and sulci.

What ions cause an action potential?

Sodium ions.

What is the function of the olfactory nerve?

Smell.

What is the gap between two neurons called?

Synaptic cleft.

What are afferent and motor nerves called?

Sensory and efferent nerves.

What is released at axonal endings to propagate a nerve impulse?

Neurotransmitter.

Which cranial nerve is needed for chewing?

Cranial nerve V (trigeminal).

Which part of the brain is responsible for taste, smell, and hearing?

Temporal lobe.

How can you assess if a spinal cord injury is below C4?

Unlabored respiration.

What are the clinical manifestations of Bell's palsy?

Facial paralysis.

Which cerebral lobe is associated with vision?

Occipital lobe.

Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and equilibrium?

Vestibulocochlear nerve.

Which brain structure affects balance and coordination?

Cerebellum.

How can you assess cranial nerve VII?

Observe facial movements like smiling.

Which brain area regulates body temperature?

Hypothalamus.

Which meninge is closest to the brain's surface?

Pia mater.

What nerve is assessed by asking a patient to stick out their tongue?

Hypoglossal nerve.

What is an effect of parasympathetic stimulation?

Constriction of pupils.

What is the "fight or flight" response?

Sympathetic nervous system activation.

What should be installed in a home for an elderly person with olfactory atrophy?

Smoke detector.

How can you assess cranial nerve function?

Gag reflex.

What might a patient with a left stroke exhibit?

Right visual field defects.

What should a patient with trigeminal neuralgia avoid?

Washing their face.

What is part of the peripheral nervous system?

Somatic nervous system.

What controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?

Autonomic nervous system.

How are potassium and sodium ions distributed across the plasma membrane?

More potassium inside, more sodium outside.

How many spinal nerves are there?

31 pairs.

Where are important centers for heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration located?

Medulla oblongata.

Where does decussation of descending motor tracts occur?

Medulla oblongata.

Where are important respiratory centers located?

Pons and medulla oblongata.

Which cerebral lobe is involved in voluntary motor function, motivation, and aggression?

Frontal lobe.

What is the most superficial meninge?

Dura mater.

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced and where does it exit?

Choroid plexuses, arachnoid granulations.

Which cranial nerve focuses the eye?

Oculomotor nerve.

Which cranial nerve is involved in feeling a toothache?

Trigeminal nerve.

Which cranial nerves are involved in vision?

Optic and oculomotor nerves.

Which cranial nerves are involved in taste and swallowing?

Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.

Which cerebral hemisphere is mostly associated with language and math?

Left hemisphere.

What is the limbic system involved in?

Emotion and memory.

In what order are neurons connected?

Dendrite, cell body, axon, synapse.

What does gray matter contain?

Neuron cell bodies.

Where are neurotransmitter vesicles located?

Axon terminal.

What is the correct order of a reflex arc?

Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector organ.

What is the result of damage to the dorsal ramus of a spinal nerve?

Loss of sensation.

Which pathway is involved in paresis of the right lower limb?

Left lateral corticospinal tract.

In what order are brain areas used for hearing and speaking a word?

Wernicke's area, Broca's area, premotor area, primary motor cortex.

What is not a basic taste?

Spicy.

In what order does light pass through the eye?

Cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina.

What type of receptors detect sound?

Mechanoreceptors.

What is not likely to cause a headache?

A full stomach.

What is an analgesic?

A pain reliever.

Which area allows perception of smell?

Olfactory cortex.

Which sense adapts most rapidly?

Smell.

Where are bitter taste receptors located?

Back of the tongue.

What is the function of the auricle?

Collects sound waves.

What equalizes pressure in the middle ear?

Auditory tube.

What is the labyrinth?

Inner ear.

What cells convert vibrations into nerve impulses?

Hair cells.

What is the adjustment of vision from near to far called?

Accommodation.

What is an increase in aqueous fluid pressure called?

Glaucoma.

What is the point of sharpest vision on the retina?

Fovea centralis.

Which photoreceptor cell is not correctly matched with its function?

Rods - visual acuity.

A person with an abnormally long eyeball is _______ and uses a _______ to correct their vision.

Nearsighted, concave lens.

An increase in the loudness of sound occurs as a result of an increase in the _______ of the sound wave.

Amplitude.

Tears:

Contain water, salts, mucus, and lysozyme.

In the retina, there are cones that are most sensitive to a particular color. Which of these colors are they sensitive to?

Red, green, and blue.

Glands that secrete their product into the interstitial fluid, which flows into the blood are:

Endocrine glands.

Cells that respond to a hormone are:

Target cells.

The following is not a steroid hormone:

Epinephrine.

The endocrine system uses _______ to control and send messages:

Hormones.

The hormone that stimulates ovulation is:

Luteinizing hormone (LH).

The gland that does the most to regulate and maintain the function of other glands is the:

Pituitary gland.