[CHEMICAL REACTIONS] Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics

Proverbs 16:3

TRUE

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]

TRUE OR FALSE:

There is an intrinsic connection between the energy of chemical substances and their behavior toward chemical reaction.

Stability

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]

_______ is a property that bridges the properties and changes of a system.

Stability

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]
In thermodynamics,_______ refers to the tendency of a system to remain in a state of low energy and high entropy.

Gibb's free energy (G)

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]
Total amount of energy possessed by a substance

Enthalpy (H)

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]

Total heat content of a substance

Entropy (S)

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]

Degree of disorder / randomness in the substance

TRUE

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]

TRUE OR FALSE:

In most cases, the changes of ΔG and ΔH (increase or decrease) are the same.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

[Law of Thermodynamics]

• If two bodies are each in thermal equilibrium with some third body, then they are also in equilibrium with each other

• A=B=C

a. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

b. First Law of Thermodynamics

c. Second Law of Thermodynamics

d. Third Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

[Law of Thermodynamics]

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but only converted from one form to another.

• The thermodynamic calculations of energy will differ depending on the system:

  • Open: Matter (Exchange), Energy (Exchange)

  • Closed: Matter (No exchange), Energy (Exchange (as heat))

  • Adiabatic: Matter (No exchange), Energy (Exchange (not heat))

  • Isolated: Matter (No exchange), Energy (No exchange)

a. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

b. First Law of Thermodynamics

c. Second Law of Thermodynamics

d. Third Law of Thermodynamics

• Open System

• Closed System

• Adiabatic System

• Isolated System

[Law of Thermodynamics]

In First Law of Thermodynamics the thermodynamic calculations of energy will differ depending on the system:

• _____: Matter (Exchange), Energy (Exchange)

• _____: Matter (No exchange), Energy (Exchange (as heat)

• _____: Matter (No exchange), Energy (Exchange (not heat)

• _____: Matter (No exchange), Energy (No exchange)

Open System

[Law of Thermodynamics]

Matter (Exchange), Energy (Exchange)

a. Open System

b. Closed System

c. Adiabatic System

d. Isolated System

Closed System

[Law of Thermodynamics]

Matter (No exchange), Energy (Exchange (as heat)

a. Open System

b. Closed System

c. Adiabatic System

d. Isolated System

Adiabatic System

[Law of Thermodynamics]

Matter (No exchange), Energy (Exchange (not heat)

a. Open System

b. Closed System

c. Adiabatic System

d. Isolated System

Isolated System

[Law of Thermodynamics]
Matter (No exchange), Energy (No exchange)

a. Open System

b. Closed System

c. Adiabatic System

d. Isolated System

Second Law of Thermodynamics

[Law of Thermodynamics]

Entropy always increases over time

a. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

b. First Law of Thermodynamics

c. Second Law of Thermodynamics

d. Third Law of Thermodynamics

Third Law of Thermodynamics

[Law of Thermodynamics]

Entropy of a system (e.g. crystalline solid) is zero only when the temperature approaches absolute zero (273.5)

a. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

b. First Law of Thermodynamics

c. Second Law of Thermodynamics

d. Third Law of Thermodynamics

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]

Figure 4. Standard energy diagram with labels

TRUE

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]

TRUE OR FALSE:

All reactions demand a certain rise from the ground state to transition state

Transition state

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]

The temporary state where the reactant/substrate transitions into the product

Activation energy (E_a)

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]

The energy that must be raised from the reactant to the transition state

TRUE

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]
TRUE OR FALSE:
The ACTIVATION ENERGY(E_a) is inversely related to the RATE (SPEED) of reaction.

TRUE

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]
TRUE OR FALSE:

Higher Activation energy (E_a) → Decrease Rate (speed) of reaction.

TRUE

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]
TRUE OR FALSE:

Higher Activation energy (E_a) slows a RATE of reaction

TRUE

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]
TRUE OR FALSE:

Catalyst → Decrease Activation energy (E_a)

Exergonic (Exothermic)

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]

Lowered (-) ΔG / ΔH

a. Exergonic (Exothermic)

b. Endergonic (Endothermic)

Endergonic (Endothermic)

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]

Raised (+) ΔG / ΔH

a. Exergonic (Exothermic)

b. Endergonic (Endothermic)

spontaneous

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]
Exergonic (Exothermic)

a. spontaneous

b. nonspontaneous

nonspontaneous

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]
Endergonic (Endothermic)

a. spontaneous

b. nonspontaneous

• - ΔG / ΔH = exergonic/exothermic = spontaneous

• + ΔG / ΔH = endergonic/endothermic = nonspontaneous

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]

Combining all these ideas of ΔG / ΔH

more stable

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]

In most cases, the assumption is that when reactions result to lower energy/enthalpy (negative ΔG / ΔH) the product becomes _____?

a. more stable

b. less stable

Low energy

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]

More Stable → ______ energy → deccrease Reactivity

a.High

b. Low

TRUE

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]

TRUE OR FALSE:

Many compounds aspire stability, and thus, lowering of energy is the natural thing to happen (i.e. spontaneous)

Catalyst

[Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics]

This is a substance that speeds up the rate of an ongoing reaction by reducing the activation energy