AP II - bony structure and scapular/pectoral region

what is the most common “long bone” fractured and what is the most common portion?

clavicle, the third middle

what are the 3 processes of the scapula?

acromion, spine, coracoid

what does the head of the humerus articulate with?

glenoid fossa of scapula to form glenohumeral joint

in the humerus, is the greater tubercle more medial or lateral?

lateral

what is the bicipital groove?

AKA intertubercular groove

where the tendon of the long head of biceps run through

where is the most common location for humeral fractures?

surgical neck

what are the articulating bones of the elbow?

trochlea

trochlear notch

what of the radial head of radius and ulna allows for supination and pronation?

circumferential ligaments

what does not directly contribute to the wrist joint?

distal ulna

what are the carpal bones?

• scaphoid

• lunate

• triquetrum

• pisiform

• trapezium

• trapezoid

• capitate

• hamate

some lover try position that they can’t handle

what are the interphalangeal joints?

joints between the phalanges, there are 2

proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) and distal interphalangeal joint (DIP)

what is the anatomical snuffbox?

radial fossa

lateral depression found on the dorsum of the hand

what are the borders of the anatomical snuffbox?

ulnar border: tendon of extensor pollicis longus

radial: tendon of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus

proximal border: styloid process of radius at extensor retinaculum

floor: carpal bones (scaphoid and trapezium)

roof: skin

what artery crosses the floor of the anatomical snuffbox, then goes medial between the heads of thea dductor pollicis muscle?

radial artery

what innervates the dorsal surface of the lateral 3 and a half digits and the back of the hand?

superficial branch of the radial nerve

what is deep to radial artery, superficial radial nerve, and cephalic vein?

scaphoid bone

what is the most common fractured carpal bone?

scaphoid bone

what does scaphoid bone have a high risk of?

avascular necrosis, if not identified → osteoarthritis

what are the bones that create the carpal tunnel?

ulnar side: pisiform and hamate

radial side: scaphoid and trapezium

what are the joints of the shoulder?

1. sternoclavicular joint

2. scapulothoracic joint/complex (not a true joint)

3. acromioclavicular joint

4. glenohumeral joint

what is the most mobile joint in the body?

glenohumeral joint

what is the coracoclavicular ligament?

provides greatest strength to acromioclavicular (AC) joint and prevents superior displacement of clavicle

2 bands (looks like 1)

what is the acromioclavicular ligament (AC) responsible for?

shoulder capsule

where do shoulder separations occur?

AC joint

what is the most commonly dislocated joint?

glenohumeral joint

what causes the movement of the glenohumeral joint?

activation of the rotator cuff muscles

what are the rotator cuff muscles?

• teres minor

• subscapularis

• supraspinatus

• infraspinatus

• deltoid muscle

• pectoralis major

what provides stability of the glenohumeral joint?

coracoacromial and AC ligaments (prevents proximal migration)

what are the movements of the glenohumeral joint?

• flexion/extension

• abduction/adduction

• external/internal rotation

• horizonal flexion/extension

what are the 2 main points of attachment for the clavicle?

sternoclavicular joint and acromioclavicular joint

why is the scapula blade like and highly mobile?

no direct attachment to the thorax

what does the glenoid fossa have?

supraglenoid tubercle and infraglenoid tubercle

what divides the upper supraspinous fossa and lower infraspinous fossa?

scapular ridge

where does the clavicle articulate?

acromion

what is the glenoid labrum?

cartilage around the glenoid fossa that makes the area deeper and wider

where does the tendon of the long head of biceps arise from?

supraglenoid tubercle and winds anteriorly

where does the tendon of the long head of triceps arise from?

infraglenoid tubercle and travels posteriorly

what are the 4 shoulder muscles that hold joint intact?

front: subscapularis m

back: supraspinatus m, infraspinatus m, teres minor m

what is the action of subscapularis muscle?

internal rotation and adduction of the humerus

what innervates the subscapularis muscle?*

subscapular nerves*

what is the supraspinatus m responsible for?

abduction

what is the action for infraspinatus m?

lateral rotation

what is the action of teres minor?*

lateral rotation*

what innervates the teres minor?

axillary n

what innervates the infraspinatus m?

subscapular n

what contributes to the rotator cuff?

1. subscapularis m

2. supraspinatus m

3. infraspinatus m

4. teres minor m

what are the static stabilizers of the shoulder?

1. capsule

2. labrum

3. joint pressure

keep humeral head from slipping out of socket

what is the bursa?

cushioning fluid sac that provides frictionless env for mobile joints

what is the action of the teres major?

adductor and medial rotator

what innervates the teres major?

lower scapular n

what is the action of the coracobrachialis m?

shoulder flexion and adduction

what innervates the coracobrachialis m?

musculocutaneous n

what are the 7 muscles that extend from scapular to humerus?

1. supraspinatus m

2. teres major m

3. coracopbrachialis m

4. infraspinatus m

5. teres minor m

6. deltoid m

what are the 6 major muscles that contribute to stability and movement of scapula?

4 in back: trapezius m, levator scapulae m, and rhomboid major/minor m

1 in front: pectoralis m

1 underneath: serratus anterior m

what is the serratus anterior helpful for?

protrusion or upward/downward rotation

full action results in protrusion of scapula anteriorly

what innervates the serratus anterior?

long thoracic n

what is the innervation of the trapezius m?

accessory n

what is the action of the trapezius?

upper: contracts to elevate scapula

lower: retracts scapula

what is the action of levator scapulae?

elevate scapula

what innervates the levator scapulae?

dorsal scapular n and C3-4

what are rhomboid major and minor action?

elevate and retract scapula

what is the innervation for rhomboid major/minor?

dorsal scapular n (C5)

what is the action of the pectoralis minor?

depression and protracts the scapula

what is the innervation of the pectoralis minor?

medial pectoral n

what muscles define the anterior and posterior walls of the axilla?

pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi

what is the action of pectoralis major?

adducts humerus and provides internal rotation

what is the action of latissimus dorsi?

extends and adducts the humerus, depresses scapula