Science and Thermodynamics Flashcards

Flashcards covering the scientific method, states and changes of matter, laws of thermodynamics, and systems theory based on the lecture notes.

Scientific method

A systematic approach used by scientists to investigate questions, solve problems, and develop new knowledge based on evidence and logical reasoning.

Observation

The process of gathering information using the senses or scientific tools to identify patterns, events, or phenomena.

Hypothesis

A testable and educated prediction that provides a possible explanation for an observed phenomenon.

Experiment

Controlled procedures designed and conducted to test a hypothesis where variables are carefully managed.

Communication

The final step of the scientific process involving sharing results through reports, presentations, or publications for review and verification.

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space, making up everything including air, water, soil, and living things.

Solid

A state of matter with a definite shape and volume where particles are tightly packed.

Liquid

A state of matter with a definite volume but no definite shape, taking the form of its container.

Gas

A state of matter with no definite shape or volume that spreads out freely.

Physical Change

A change where the form, shape, size, or state of matter is altered, but its chemical identity remains the same and no new substance is formed.

Chemical Change

A change where the chemical composition of matter is altered, resulting in the formation of entirely new substances.

Law of Conservation of Mass

A principle stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another, meaning total mass remains the same.

Endothermic process

A process in which energy is absorbed, such as the melting of ice.

Exothermic process

A process in which energy is released, such as the burning of wood.

Kinetic Energy

Energy associated with motion.

Potential Energy

Stored energy within an object or substance.

The Monte Solar Energy Inc. (MONTESOL)

A facility that uses solar panels to capture sunlight and convert it into electricity for homes and businesses.

Renewable energy

Energy derived from natural sources that are constantly replenished and will not run out.

Thermodynamics

The study of how heat, work, temperature, and energy are related and how energy moves in large systems.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

States that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in equilibrium with each other; this law defines temperature.

First Law of Thermodynamics

The Law of Conservation of Energy, expressed by the formula $\Delta U = Q - W$, which states energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

States that the entropy of a system and its surroundings always increases in any natural (spontaneous) process.

Entropy

The amount of disorder in a system, measured in units of $J/K$.

Third Law of Thermodynamics

States that as the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero ($0\,K$), the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

System

A group of interconnected parts that work together toward a common goal.

Inputs

The resources that enter a system to start a process, such as raw materials, energy, or labor.

Flows

The movement of materials, energy, or information within a system.

Outputs

The final products or results produced by a system.

Positive Feedback Loop

A control mechanism that amplifies changes in a system, such as increasing production to meet rising demand.

Negative Feedback Loop

A control mechanism that stabilizes and maintains balance in a system, such as a cooling system activating when a machine overheats.