Comprehensive Biology and Medical Concepts for Students

Cell Theory

One of the three principles of cell theory, all cells are made by pre-existing cells.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Fluid functional structure of the cell surface membrane.

Double Helix Model

Structure of DNA.

Sliding Filament Theory

How muscles contract at a microscopic level.

Lock and Key Model

Model of how enzymes and substrates interact.

Toxoplasmosis

Caused by parasites.

Prevalence

Specific proportion of a population with the disease or a condition at a specific point in time.

Incidence

The number of new cases of a disease that develop in a population at risk within a specified time frame.

Morbidity

The state of having a disease, medical condition or symptom of illness.

Mortality Rate

The number of deaths within a specific population or group during a given period.

Normal Resting Heart Rate

For an adult aged 19-65, it is sixty to a hundred beats per minute.

Thick and Thin Filaments

Slide over each other during contraction and relaxation.

Metformin

Medication commonly used to manage type 2 and gestational diabetes.

Levodopa

Treats Parkinson's disease.

Insulin Pumps

Used to manage type one diabetes.

Atopic Eczema Treatments

Topical corticosteroids, emollients, dietary changes.

Benign Tumor

Grows slowly and has well-defined borders; not cancerous and will not spread around the body.

Malignant Tumor

Can invade nearby tissue, occurs when abnormal cells divide uncontrollably, encourages new blood vessels to grow into the tumor (angiogenesis), is cancerous, and spreads to other systems (metastasis).

Female Reproductive System Structures

Cervix, fallopian tube, vagina, ovary.

Male Reproductive System Structures

Vas deferens, seminal vesicles, urethra, scrotum.

Mitochondria

Conduct aerobic respiration to produce ATP.

Protein Synthesis

Occurs in ribosomes and the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Trauma

An injury that has the distinct potential to cause disability or death.

Respiratory System Components

Trachea, bronchials, pleural membrane.

Digestive System Components

Ileum, pancreas, duodenum, colon.

Parts of Neuron

Myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier, axon, dendrites.

Integumentary System Components

Hair erector muscles, sweat glands, exocrine glands.

Eukaryotic Cells

Complex cells containing membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotic Cells

Simple bacterial cells lacking a nucleus.

Mitosis

Nuclear division creating identical daughter cells.

Interphase

Cell cycle stage where DNA is replicated.

Cytokinesis

Physical division of the cell cytoplasm.

Monosaccharide

Most basic single carbohydrate unit molecules.

Triglyceride

Lipid formed from glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

Hydrophobic

Molecular structure that completely repels water.

Hydrophilic

Molecular structure that actively attracts water.

Human Immune System

Relies on non-specific and specific mechanisms to defend against biological invasion.

Phagocytosis

A cellular process where phagocytes ingest invading pathogens.

Antigens

Foreign chemical markers that trigger the specific immune response.

T Lymphocytes

Specialized cells that clear infected cells through cell-mediated immunity.

B Lymphocytes

Generate proteins known as antibodies to bind and neutralize threats.

Memory Cells

Retained T and B cells that ensure a rapid response if the same pathogens are encountered again.