Chapter 18: The Circulatory System - Blood

Flashcards covering blood components, properties, functions, erythrocyte life cycle, leukocytes, hemostasis, and blood typing based on the Chapter 18 transcript.

The __________ system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, whereas the cardiovascular system refers only to the heart and blood vessels.

circulatory

The study of blood is referred to as __________.

Hematology

Three basic functions of the circulatory system include transport, regulation, and __________.

protection

The liquid connective tissue of blood consists of cells and an extracellular matrix called __________.

plasma

In a healthy adult, there are typically __________ to __________ of blood.

4 to 6 liters

The __________ is the total volume of whole blood that is made up of RBCs, which typically ranges from $37\%$ to $52\%$.

hematocrit

The narrow cream-colored zone seen after blood fractionation that contains WBCs and platelets is called the __________.

buffy coat

The three major categories of plasma proteins are albumins, globulins, and __________.

fibrinogen

The principle plasma protein responsible for solute transport, buffering pH, and contributing to viscosity and osmotic pressure is __________.

albumins

The production of blood, specifically its formed elements, is a process known as __________.

Hematopoiesis

Erythrocytes are discoid cells with a __________ shape that maximizes surface area for gas exchange.

biconcave

RBCs lack __________ and therefore must use anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP.

mitochondria

Each molecule of hemoglobin can transport up to __________ molecules of oxygen.

4

The hormone __________, produced by the kidneys, induces hematopoietic stem cells to produce RBCs.

Erythropoietin

After an average life span of __________ days, expired RBCs break down in the spleen and liver during a process called hemolysis.

120

A state of RBC or hemoglobin deficiency is known as __________, while an excess of RBCs is called polycythemia.

anemia

The most abundant white blood cells, making up $60\%$ to $70\%$ of all WBCs and functioning as aggressive antibacterial cells, are __________.

neutrophils

__________ are leukocytes used to fight parasitic infections and allergies, and are identifiable by their red granules.

Eosinophils

Small fragments of bone marrow cells called __________ secrete vasoconstrictors and form plugs to seal small breaks in vessels.

platelets

The cessation of bleeding, or __________, involves vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

hemostasis

The __________ mechanism of coagulation is initiated by tissue thromboplastin (factor III) released from damaged vessels and perivascular tissues.

extrinsic

The synthesis of clotting factors 2, 7, 9, and 10 requires vitamin __________.

K

During the common pathway of coagulation, the enzyme __________ converts fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads.

thrombin

Antigens on the surface of RBCs are called __________, while the plasma antibodies that bind to them are called agglutinins.

agglutinogens

Blood type __________ is considered the universal recipient because it lacks anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

AB

A patient is considered Rh-positive if they possess antigen __________ on their red blood cells.

D

To prevent Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn, __________ is given to pregnant Rh-negative women to prevent them from forming anti-D antibodies.

RhoGAM