The Language of Medicine Chapter 2

Digestive system

mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Urinary or excretory system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Cells—The fundamental unit of all living things

Major parts of a cell include:

Chromosomes

Nucleus

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Endoplasmic reticulum

Body cavities are the spaces within the body that contain internal organs (viscera).

Organs of theAbdominopelvic and Thoracic Cavities

Abdominopelvic Regions

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Anatomical Divisions of the Back

Positional and Directional Terms

Planes of the Body

abdmin/o

abdomen

adip/o

fat

anter/o

front

bol/o

the cast (throw)

cervic/o

neck (of the body or of the uterus)

chondr/o

cartilage (type of connective tissue)

chrom/o

color

coccyg/o

coccyx (tailbone)

crani/o

skull

cyt/o

cell

dist/o

far, distant

dors/o

bck portion of the body

hist/o

tissue

ili/o

ilium (part of the pelvic bone)

inguin/o

groin

kary/o

nucleus

later/o

side

lumb/o

lower back (side and back between the ribs and the pelvis)

medi/o

middle

nucle/o

nucleus

pelv/i

pelvis, hip region

poster/o

back, behind

proxim/o

nearest

sacr/o

sacrum

sarc/o

flesh

spin/o

spine, backbone

thel/o, theli/o

nipple

thorac/o

chest

trache/o

trachea, windpipe

umbilic/o

navel, umbilicus

ventr/o

belly side of body

vertebr/o

vertebra(e), backbone(s)

viscer/o

internal organs

ana-

up

cata-

down

epi-

above

hypo-

below

inter-

between

meta-

change

-eal

pertaining to

-iac

pertaining to

-ior

pertaining to

-ism

process, condition

-ose

pertaining to, full of

-plasm

formation

-somes

bodies

-type

picture, classification

karyotype

is a photograph of an individual's chromosomes, arranged by size, shape, and number

anabolism

process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids

cell membrane

structure surrounding and protecting the cell. It determines what enters and leaves the cell.

catabolism

process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released

chromosomes

rod-shaped, in the nucleus, hold genes, 46 chromosomes in every cell except sperm and egg cells

cytoplasm

everything in the cell but outside of the nucleus

DNA

chemical in each chromosome, directs activity of the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

networks of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell, large proteins are made from smaller proteins

genes

regions of DNA within each chromosome

metabolism

the change in a cell which includes cata- and ana- bolism

mitochondria

power plants of the cell where catabolism takes place

A scientist who specializes in the study of tissues

Histologist

What are 4 types of tissues

Epithelial, muscle, connective, and nerve

Examples of connective tissue

adipose (fat), cartilage (elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bones), bone and blood

Respiratory system

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs

Reproductive system

(Female): ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands. (Male): testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate glands.

Endocrine system

thyroid gland, pituitary gland, sex glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands

Nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collections of nerves

Circulatory system

heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland

Musculoskeletal system

muscles, bones, and joints

Skin and sense organs

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands; eye,ear, nose, and tongue

adipose tissue

collection of fat cells

epithelial

skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs

viscera

internal organs

How many body cavities are in the body?

5; cranial, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, and spinal

What is in the cranial cavity?

brain and pituitary gland

What is in the thoracic cavity?

lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, and aorta (large artery)

Is the thoracic cavity divided into 2 smaller cavities?

Yes; pleural cavity (space between the folds of the pleura surrounding each lung) and mediastinum cavity (located space outside of and between the lungs)

mediastinum

part of the thoracic cavity; contains most of the organs (but not lungs) including heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes

pleura

is a double-folded membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them

What is in the abdominal cavity?

kidneys, stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

peritoneum

is the double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity

What is in the pelvic cavity?

portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters; uterus and vagina in the female

What is in the spinal cavity?

nerves of the spinal cord

What divides the abdominal and thoracic cavities?

the diaphragm

dorsal (posterior)

pertaining to the back of the body

ventral (anterior)

pertaining to the front of the body

disk (disc)

pad of cartilage between vertebrae

deep

away from the surface

superficial

on the surface

proximal

near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of the structure

distal

far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure

inferior

below another structure (example: the feet are inferior to the knees, below the knees)