More urban???

Background of Kjayelitsha

• On the cape flats, Western cape South africa

• Established under the apartide

• 62% are rural-urban migrants

• Over 40% are under 19 years old

• 10,000 new settlers per year

• Median family income is half that of the city

• Population around 500k in 2018

• Unemployment at 54%

• 30km from cape town CBD

Why has Khayelitsha grown so rapidly

Rural push factors (from Eastern Cape):

• High unemployment, drought and poor-quality soils

• Mechanisation reducing farm jobs

• Lack of healthcare, education and infrastructure

Urban pull factors (Cape Town):

• Perceived employment and economic opportunity

• Chain migration — following family already settled

• Better access to schools and hospitals

What are the issues in Khayelitsha

• No legal land rights — residents can be evicted

• Informal shacks of tin, wood and cardboard — not weatherproof or fireproof

• Emergency services (fire trucks, ambulances) cannot navigate narrow, unnamed streets

• Unemployment officially 54.1% — likely higher in reality

• HIV/AIDS infection is among the highest in South Africa — ~33% of adults HIV positive; ~40% of expectant mothers

• An estimated 14,000 orphans, mostly AIDS-related

• Crime

• 30 km from employment nodes — high commuting costs reinforce poverty

• Overcrowding — 47% live in informal dwellings (2022)

Is there hope in Khayelitsha

• Strong community identity and social cohesion through shared Xhosa culture

• Vibrant informal economy — spaza shops, street vendors, shebeens provide livelihoods

• Active community organisations e.g. Khayelitsha Development Forum (KDF)

• Growing permanent settlement status — seen as a legitimate, enduring part of Cape Town

• Young population = potential demographic dividend if education and jobs are provided

• Religious community networks provide welfare, food and support

• Township tourism (e.g. Zibenele Tours) is growing, bringing external income

Attempted soloutions in Khayelitsha

• VPUU — Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading

• Kuyasa solar energy project

• Housing and Urban Renewal Programme (URP)

what was the VPUU — Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading plan

Partnership between the City of Cape Town, German Development Bank (KfW) and local community

• 2005

• Created "safe node" areas with lit pedestrian walkways

• Built Harare Urban Park (cost ~£850k)

• Kwam Fundo Sports Complex

Resulted in…

• 20% decrease in violent crime

• murder rate fell 32% in target area

Root cause not adressed = crime rates at Khayelitsha Police Station rose to 70 murders

What was the Housing and Urban Renewal Programme

• Government-funded bulk infrastructure projects — water, electricity, sanitation

• Provision of RDP (Reconstruction and Development Programme) houses — brick homes replacing shacks

• In Ward 94, 72% live in brick structures, vs only 30% in wider Khayelitsha

However…

• Not kept pace with new arrivals

what was the Kuyasa solar energy project

• Solar water heaters installed in homes — reduces energy costs and carbon emissions

• One of the first CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects in Africa

give an example of a Megalopolis

Boswash corridor USA

give an example of conurbation

Greater Manchester

what is the background of Curitiba

• Capital of the Parana state 1.9 million population

• rapid urban-growth lead to urban sprawl and pollution and congestion

• Intergrated urban master plan adopted in 1966

however…

• inequality and favelas remain

what was the transport system in Curitiba

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

• World's first BRT system, introduced 1974

• 1,100 buses; 12,500 trips/day; 1.3 million passengers/day

• Buses arrive every 5 minutes; serve ~90% of the city

• Tube stations with prepaid fares for speed; triple-articulated buses on main routes

• 27 million car journeys avoided per year

land use planning in Curitiba

Land use planning

• Growth directed linearly along 5 structural corridors; high-density housing near corridors, lower density further away

• Over 50 zoning categories regulating building height, land use and floor area ratios

• Industrial park established 1970s — 4,300 hectares; 700+ companies

what is the enviroment in Curitiba

• 30% less fuel per capita than comparable Brazilian cities

• 34 parks; 1.5 million trees planted

• River floodplains converted into parks and lakes (e.g. Barigüi Park) — natural flood management, avoiding expensive concrete channels

what is the background of bruton

• Small rural market town in Somerset, Southwest England, on the River Brue

• Listed in the Domesday Book (1086)

• Described in 1870–72 as a "small town, a parish, a subdistrict, and a hundred in Somerset"

• Historically based on agriculture, small-scale trade and local services

• 2021 census population: 2,875; now estimated ~3,000

• jobs at the newt alone 230

how much have home sales increaced in Bruton

122%

what are the transport links in Bruton

• 3 miles from Castle Cary (mainline station) — improving commuter access

• 19 miles south of Bath; 40 miles SE of Cardiff; ~168 km from London

• ~2 hours by train to London on the Wessex Line

• Located on the A359 for road access

what are the local services in Bruton

3 schools, 6 grocery/food shops, 3 medical services, a vet, community hall, church, post office and local museum

why are people moving to Bruton

• Cultural developments: Hauser & Wirth gallery (opened 2014), The Chapel, The Newt in Somerset

• House prices: £388,810

• Commuting links

• Working from home

• Urban push factors: air and noise pollution, high cost of living, lack of community, crime perception

what are the positive impacts in Bruton

• More diverse population — artists, professionals, creative industries

• Job creation: The Newt employs 230+ people

• Multiplier effect — spending in local shops and hospitality

• Property value growth — existing owners become more affluent

• Investment in renovation of old buildings e.g. The Old Vicarage

• Cultural venues increase social opportunities

what are the Negative impacts

• Loss of traditional community identity — gentrification and resentment

• Second homes reduce permanent population and community involvement

• Young locals priced out — ageing community, youth excluded

• Stress on schools, GP services and infrastructure

• Rising rents and cost of living (e.g. £7.99 Ben & Jerry's in Budgens)

• Congestion on narrow one-way roads not designed for commuter volumes

• Increased car dependency — no growth in public transport

• Urban sprawl — two recent approved plans for 49 and 60 new homes on greenfield land

• Commuters spend money in cities, not Bruton — limiting local economic multiplier

How is Bruton managing these changes?

• Housing planning to increase supply of affordable homes and accommodate population growth

• Expanding bus routes to reduce car dependency

• Encouraging sustainable house design on brownfield rather than greenfield sites

• Limiting building on greenfield land to protect character and environment

what is urban renewl

The redevelopment and improvement of rundown, derelict or underused urban areas. Can involve physical redevelopment (demolishing old buildings and rebuilding), economic regeneration (attracting new businesses and investment) and social improvements (housing, services)

give an example of urban renewl

London's Docklands — former industrial port area transformed into Canary Wharf financial district and residential developments from the 1980s onwards

what is suburbanisation

The outward movement of people, businesses and services from inner urban areas to the outer edges of cities — the rural-urban fringe

What is the CBD

The Central Business District is the commercial and business core of a city, typically found at its centre due to its maximum accessibility.

what are its CBD’s physical characteristics?

• High-rise buildings — tall structures to maximise use of expensive land (vertical zonation)

• High density of development — very little open space

• Pedestrianised zones and high footfall

• Concentration of retail (comparison goods — clothes, electronics), offices, banks, hotels and entertainment

• Major transport hub — bus stations, rail terminals, taxi ranks converge here

what are its CBD’s economic characteristics?

• Highest land values in the city — only high-revenue uses can afford to locate here (bid-rent)

• Dominated by the tertiary sector — retail, finance, law, insurance

• Some quaternary sector — corporate HQs, media and creative industries

• Low residential population — very few people actually live in the CBD

how much of the uks shoping is on online

Rise of online shopping — ~27%

evaluation of CBD

The CBD is not dying — it is changing function. The shift away from retail towards leisure, culture, food and high-end services reflects the wider economy moving online. Cities that have successfully adapted (e.g. Birmingham's Bullring redevelopment) thrive; those that have not face persistent vacancy and decline. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated these trends dramatically.

what is the ranking system of world cities

The ranking system:

Alpha ++London, New York — the two most integrated cities in the global economy. Dominate global finance.

Alpha +Hong Kong, Paris, Singapore, Shanghai, Beijing, Dubai, Sydney, Tokyo

Alpha / Alpha–Chicago, Mumbai, Milan, Moscow, São Paulo, Mexico City, Frankfurt

BetaSecondary global cities with strong regional influence e.g. Manchester, Amsterdam, Johannesburg

GammaCities with some world city characteristics but limited global reach e.g. Edinburgh, Cape Town, Lagos

what are the key conflicts between land uses

• Retail vs residential in the CBD

• Housing vs greenfield land

• Transport vs environment

• Tourism vs residents

• Industrial vs residential

how is land use conflict managed

• Zoning laws — planning authorities designate land for specific uses, separating incompatible functions

• Greenbelt legislation — legally protected rural land around cities prevents urban sprawl

• Urban Development Corporations (UDCs) — government bodies with planning powers to regenerate specific areas e.g. London Docklands Development Corporation

• Brownfield-first policies — governments prioritise development on previously used land before greenfield sites

what are the key diffrences in HICs, LICs and MICs rural areas

• Nature of change: HICs face over-demand and gentrification; MICs face depopulation; LICs face basic deprivation with little change capacity

• Direction of migration: HICs see urban-to-rural movement; MICs and LICs see dominant rural-to-urban movement

• Service provision: HICs have declining but still functional services; MICs have sparse services concentrated in towns; LICs have severely inadequate or absent services

• Government capacity: HICs have planning systems and budgets to manage change; MICs have limited capacity; LICs rely heavily on NGOs and international aid

• Housing: HICs have too little affordable housing; MICs have abandoned old stock and new informal housing; LICs have self-built structures without legal tenure

evaluation of soloutions in curbita urban planning

• 27 million car journeys avoided per year — dramatic reduction in congestion and pollution

• 30% less fuel used per capita than comparable Brazilian cities

• BRT cost a fraction of a metro system — affordable for an MIC city budget

• Buses reach ~90% of the city — highly inclusive, connecting peripheral low-income areas to jobs

• Flood management through parks saved money and created green amenity at the same time

what are the attempted soloutions in curbita

• Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) — world's first, introduced 1974: dedicated bus lanes, tube stations with prepaid boarding, triple-articulated buses. 1,100 buses, 12,500 trips/day, 1.3 million passengers/day

• 5 structural growth corridors — high-density development directed along bus routes so population density matches transport capacity. High-rise housing only allowed along corridors.

• 20+ transit centres where passengers can transfer between routes — reducing need to travel to the centre to change buses

• Flood infrastructure — instead of expensive concrete flood channels, river floodplains converted to parks and lakes (e.g. Barigüi Park) that absorb floodwater naturally

• Industrial park located near ring road — 4,300 hectares, 700+ companies — reducing need for long cross-city commutes