Juvenile Justice Final Exam

Delinquency prevention

programs/policies that reduce delinquency before it happens

examples of delinquency prevention:

mentoring, preschool, job training, and home visits

costs of crime

victim costs, justice system costs, crime career costs, intangible costs

public health prevention model

crime is treated like a disease

3 levels to public health model

primary: everyone

secondary: at-risk youth

tertiary: offenders

developmental prevention model

targets risk factors across childhood

what does developmental prevention model focus on?

school problems, drug use, and aggression

early childhood delinquency prevention

home visits and parenting programs

teen delinquency prevention

mentoring, after shcool programs, and job corps

parens patriae

state acts as parent

house of refuge (1825)

first juvenile institution and removed youth from the streets

juvenile court 1899

first court for juveniles and focused on rehabilitation

juvenile vs. adult court (differences)

juvenile: no jury, confidential, and less formal

federal changes 1960s-70s

created OJJDP, removed juveniles from adult jails, ended incarceration for status offenses

delinquents

commit crimes

status offenders

non criminal acts (truancy and running away)

different types of transfers to adult court

statutory exclusion, judicial waiver, prosecutorial discretion, once and adult, always and adult

juvenile court process

1. police investigation

2. detention decision

3. pretrial

4. adjudication

5. disposition

6. treatment

teen courts

for minor offenses first and teens act as jurors

teen drug courts

focus on substance abuse, use treatment teams, not very effective though

community policing

focus on partnerships w/ community, builds trust and safety, hlps address youth issues early

what rights do juveniles have that adults also have?

probable cuase required, miranda rights, 4th amendment protections

what rights do juveniles not have that adults do?

parent can be present, cannot be held with adults, limited restraint time

in loco parentis

police act as parent

totality of circumstances

youth must understand rights

there are extremely high rates of false confession especially under age 14. true or false?

true

police discretion

officers decide how to handle cases, mostly handled informally. influenced by youth behavior, department policy, and community alternatives

was D.A.R.E. effective?

NO

SRO

school resource officer

court actors

defense attorney, prosecutor, judge, gardian ad litem (GAL), CASA volunteers

difference between “detention” and “shelter care”

detention: secure facility

shelter care: non secure

issues with both detention and shelter care?

poor conditions, mental health concerns, and suicide risk

pros of diversion

keeps youth out of system, avoids labeling, treatment focused

cons of diversion

“net widening” and mixed effectiveness

In re Gault

rights for juveniles

In re Winship

proof beyond reasonable doubt

does a transfer to adult court increase recidivism?

yes, 27-77% higher

concerns about transfers to adult court

less rehabilitation, harmful environments, and youth may not be competent

when was death penalty banned for juveniles?

2005

Life w/o parole for juveniles:

cannot be mandatory and must consider circumstances

problems with juveniles facilities?

abuse, poor conditions, and underfunding

types of treatment and rehabilitation:

individual therapy, group therapy, and education/voactionl programs

effectiveness of treatment and rehabilitation:

reduces recidivism. average: 10% and best programs up to 40%

boot camps:

strict discipline programs, ineffective

restorative justice:

focus on reparing harm, offender and victim meet, goal is for accountability and understanding impact.