Chapter 15 - Respiratory System

Chapter 15 (respiratory system)

What are the two steps of respiration?

internal + external respiration

External respiration occurs in the __; internal respiration occurs __.

LUNGS, EVERYWHERE

Internal respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between __ all over the body and the __ and __ of the body.

blood, cells, tissues

What are the secondary functions of the respiratory system?

1. voice production

2. body temperature regulation

3. acid-base balance regulation

4. sense of smell

Where does voice production/phonation begin in?

larynx (voice box)

What does body temperature regulation utilize?

superficial blood vessels lining nasal passages

Acid-Base balance in the body necessary for

normal chemical reactions in cells

The respiratory system influences the amount of __ in blood by the rate of __.

CO2, breathing

What is the normal pH level for blood?

7.4 (ranges from 7.35-7.45)

As CO2 __, the blood pH decreases.

increases

Where are the receptors for sense of smell (olfactory sense) located?

sensory epithelium/high in nasal passages

What is the difference between breathing and respiration?

breathing: ventilation, process of drawing air into lungs and blow it back out

respiration: process of exchanging oxygen + CO2

What is the major difference between internal and external respiration?

external respiration occurs only in the lungs, internal respiration occurs all over the body

External Respiration is the exchange of O + CO2 between the air __ in the lungs and blood flowing through the __ capillaries.

INHALED, pulmonary

Internal Respiration is the exchange of O + CO2 between blood in the capillaries all over the body and all of the __ and __ in the body.

cells, tissues

What is the upper respiratory tract?

consist of all structures OUTSIDE the lungs

What is the lower respiratory tract?

consist of all structures INSIDE the lungs

What are the structures found in only the upper respiratory tract?

1. nostrils

2. nasal passages

3. pharynx

4. larynx

5. trachea

What are the structures found in only the lower respiratory tract?

1. bronchi

2. bronchioles

3. alveolar ducts

4. alveoli

Where do nasal passages lie between?

nares + pharynx

What is the nasal septum?

midline of the nasal passages

What are turbinates (nasal conchae)?

divides each nasal passages into 3 main passageways

What are the 3 main nasal passageways?

1. ventral nasal meatus

2. middle nasal meatus

3. dorsal nasal meatus

What structures line the nasal passages?

1. pseudostratified columnar epithelium

2. cilia

3. mucus

4. blood vessels

What are the 3 main functions of the nasal passages in regards to air inhaled?

1. warming

2. humidifying

3. filtering

What are sinuses?

ciliated outpouchings of the nasal passages

What structure is a common passageway for both the respiratory tract and digestive tract?

pharynx (throat)

What are the two divisions of the pharynx (throat) and what are they dividing?

1. nasopharynx (respiratory)

2. oropharynx (digestive)

The pharynx (throat) leads to the __ and __.

esophagus (digestive), larynx (respiratory)

How does the respiratory passageway and digestive passageway switch places in the pharynx (throat)?

1. starts out dorsally to the digestive passageway

2. further back you go into the larynx (respiratory) is ventral to esophagus (digestive)

Which bone is the larynx (voice box) supported by?

hyoid bone

What type of cartilage segments is the larynx (voice box) made up of?

1. epiglottis

2. arytenoid cartilages

3. thyroid cartilage

4. cricoid cartilage

What is the purpose of the epiglottis?

covers larynx opening when swallowing occurs

The vocal cords are attached to what cartilage?

arytenoid cartilage

What two respiratory structures work together to prevent swallowed material from entering into the trachea?

pharynx + larynx

What is the process of how both the pharynx and larynx work together to prevent swallowed material from entering into the trachea?

1. stops breathing

2. covers opening to larynx

3. moves material to rear of pharynx

4. opens esophagus

5. moves material into esophagus

6. swallowing is completed

7. larynx is uncovered

8. breathing resumes

What are the 3 functions of the larynx (voice box)?

1. voice production

2. prevention of inhalation of foreign matter

3. controls airflow to and from lungs

How is the larynx involved in straining like defecation?

1. straining begins when holding glottis closed while applying pressure to thorax with the breathing muscle

2. stabilizes + allows abdominal muscles to compress abdominal organs when they contract

What is the trachea (windpipe) made out of and how is it held open?

fibrous tissue, smooth muscle held open by cartilage rings

What prevents the trachea from collapsing during inhalation?

C-Shaped rings

The trachea bifurcates form

two main bronchi

Main bronchioles divide in the lungs into large branches → smaller branches → ___.

bronchioles

What are the smallest air passageways that bronchioles continue to subdivide down into?

microscopic alveolar ducts

The autonomic nervous system controls the bronchial tree tubes' diameter by adjusting muscle fibers within their walls. This can be done by __ (making it bigger) or __ (making it smaller).

1. bronchodilation

2. bronchoconstriction

What are alveoli?

tiny, thin-walled sacs surrounded by capillaries

Alveoli sacs are lined with a thin layer of fluid that contains __.

surfactant

O + CO2 exchange between blood + air happen where?

alveoli

What is the mediastinum?

the area between the lungs

Lungs are subdivided into lobes and can be distinguished externally by ___.

visible grooves + clefts

Lungs are subdivided into lobes and can be distinguished internally by __.

major branches of bronchi

What 3 lobes are found in the left lung?

1. cranial

2. middle

3. caudal

What 4 lobes are found in the right lung (except in horses)?

1. cranial

2. middle

3. caudal

4. accessory

What are hilus and what do they contain?

1. small, well-defined area on medial side

2. air, blood, lymph, nerves entering/leaving lungs

What is pulmonary circulation?

blood supply to + from the lungs

The capillary networks around alveoli are where __ and __ exchange.

CO2, Oxygen

The thoracic/chest cavity is bounded by what 4 structures?

1. thoracic vertebrae

2. ribs

3. intercostal muscle

4. sternum

What are the main contents of the thoracic/chest cavity?

1. lungs

2. heart

3. large blood vessels

4. nerves

5. trachea

6. esophagus

7. lymphatic vessels

8. lymph nodes

What does the mediastinum contain?

1. heart

2. trachea

3. esophagus

4. blood vessels

5. nerves

6. lymphatic structures

The pulmonary __ is __ in color because is carries high oxygenated blood.

vein, bright red

The pulmonary __ is __ in color because it carries low oxygenated blood.

artery, dark red

What is the diaphragm made up of?

thin sheet of skeletal muscle

What does the diaphragm form?

caudal boundary of thorax

How does the diaphragm act as a respiratory muscle?

1. bases of lungs lie directly on its cranial surface

2. dome-shaped in relaxed state

3. flattens when muscles contract

4. enlarges volume of thorax

What are smooth pleural surfaces?

surfaces lubricated with pleural fluid

What do the smooth pleural surfaces ensure?

surfaces of organs/lungs slide smoothly along lining of thorax during breathing

What 7 mechanisms are involved in respiration?

1. negative intrathoracic pressure

2. inspiration

3. expiration

4. respiratory volumes

5. exchange in gas (alveoli)

6. partial pressure of gas

7. control of breathing

What does the respiration function require?

effective movement in/out of the lungs at an appropriate rate/sufficient volume

What is negative intrathoracic pressure?

partial vacuum that exists within thorax

What does the negative intrathoracic pressure do?

1. pulls lungs tightly out against thoracic wall

2. allows lungs to follow movement of thoracic wall/diaphragm

3. aids in return of blood to the heart

Veins have no muscular pump to facilitate the process of returning blood to the heart, what aids in returning blood to the heart?

negative intrathoracic pressure

What is inspiration/inhalation?

the process of drawing air INTO the lungs

What are the main inspiratory muscles?

1. diaphragm

2. external intercostal muscles

What is expiration/exhalation?

the process of pushing air OUT of the lungs

During inspiration/inhalation the size of the thorax is __ and the lungs are __.

increased, enlarged

During expiration/exhalation the size of the thorax is __ and the lungs are __.

decreased, compressed

What are the main expiratory muscles?

1. internal intercostal muscles

2. abdominal muscles

The alveolar capillary blood contain a __ amount of oxygen and a __ amount of CO2.

low, high

Alveolar air contain a __ concentration of oxygen.

high

Alveolar capillaries contain a __ concentration of oxygen.

low

Where is the breathing controlled?

medulla oblongata of the brain stem

What two main systems control breathing?

1. mechanical system

2. chemical system

How does the mechanical control system for breathing operate?

through stretch receptors in the lungs

Mechanical control systems for breathing are an __ system.

automatic (preset)

When does the chemical control system affect the breathing pattern?

only when something is out of balance

The mechanical system for breathing occurs __ while the chemical system for breathing only occurs when __.

automatically, something is out of balance

What characteristics does the mechanical system monitor?

1. CO2 content

2. pH level

3. O2 content

The blood level of __ and the blood __ are both linked.

carbon dioxide, pH

When the CO2 increases in blood the blood pH will __; but when the CO2 decreases in blood the blood pH will __.

decreases, increases

A cough can be caused due to what?

protective reflex stimulated by irritations or foreign matter in the trachea/bronchi

What is the main difference between a cough and a sneeze?

a sneeze originates in the nasal passage

What is are the causes of a yawn?

1. slight decrease in oxygen level

2. boredom

3. drowsiness/fatigue

What is the main cause for a sigh to happen?

a mild corrective action when blood levels of oxygen gets a little too low

What could be possible causes of a hiccup?

1. nerve irritation

2. indigestion

3. CNS damage

What does laryngeal hemiplegia (roaring) result in?

1. paralysis of the muscle that tightens arytenoid cartilage + vocal cord on one side

2. vocal cord flaps in the wind as the animal breathes

What is aspiration penumonia?

inflammatory condition of the lungs produced by inhalation of foreign material

What is a tracheal collapse?

the narrow space between the ends of several of the C-Shaped rings are wider than normal

Tracheal collapse is commonly found in __.

toy/miniture dog breeds, overweight dogs

Asthma is commonly found in __ more than humans.

domestic animals (cats mainly)

Asthma in cats can be prevented by decreasing…

1. liter box dust

2. cigarette smoke

3. perfumes

4. pollen

5. air fresheners

6. mold

7. hair sprays

What is the main difference between having an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and a lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI)?

LRTI is more likely to be serious and severe