Full Length Questions

A client is being instructed by a clinician to use breathy onsets when speaking during a therapy session. This is an appropriate phonation approach specific to what type of dysarthria?

• Spastic

• Hypokinetic

• Ataxic

• UUMN

Spastic

A risk factor for increased malocclusion is prolonged nonnutritive sucks with a pacifier. Dentists have found limited success with what type of dental habit elimination appliance?

• rake/crib

• achieving lip closure at rest

• oral tactile stimulation without assistance from the jaw

• isotonic and isometric exercises of the lips and tongue to teach closed mouth resting posture and nasal breathing

Rake/crib

You are evaluating Claudia, a 4-year-old preschooler. She presents with several speech sound errors including fronting of velars, lateralized production of the /s/ phoneme, distortion of the /r/ phoneme, and distortion of both voiced and voiceless “th”. What would be the most appropriate goal to address first in therapy?

• fronting of velars

• lateralized /s/

• distortion of /r/

• distorted /th/

Fronting of velars

A 4-year-old-child, Abby, is referred by her pediatrician to a multidisciplinary clinic where speech-language pathologists and audiologists work witha. variety of other healthcare progessionals. The pediatrician is concerned because Abby has had may middle-ear infections and several sets of pressure equalizing (PE) tubes. At her preschool, the teacher says that she “tunes out” and has difficulty following directions. Her mother says that at home, Abby always requests that music and TV be turned up louder. Thus, the pediatrician wants Abby to have a thorough hearing evaluation.

The pediatrician wants, among other things, to determine Abby’s speech reception threshold, which is a term that indicates

• how well Abby discriminates between words heard at a comfortable loudness level, as assessed by having her repeat monosyllabic words such as fun, cap, and day

• the lowest hearing level (in dB) at which Aby correctly identifies 50% of words presented

• Abby’s ability to perform well on dichotic listening tasks

• the minimum level of intensity that sounds need to reach before Abby can hear them

The lowest hearing level (in dB) at which Aby correctly identifies 50% of words presented

Marissa’s mother takes her to the emergency room because she notices a foul-smelling discharge coming from Marisa’s ear. The doctor examines Marisa’s ear and sees that her tympanic membrane is ruptured. The doctor explains that she will need to repair the tympanic membrane by using which of the following procedures?

• myringoplasty

• myringotomy

• middle-ear fusion

• stapedectomy

Myringoplasty

Kyle, an 8-year-old child, comes to an audiologist office with his mother. She explains that at school, Kyle has difficulty understanding spoken language when there are competing messages. She also says that he has problems following complex auditory commands. His teacher also mentioned that she noticed that Kyle has difficulty localizing sound and has problems with reading and spelling. Kyle’s mother tell the audiologist that Kyle has an extremely hard time listening to people in noisy environments. She mentions that he was recently at his friends house for a pool party. The music was playing very loudly, and when he came home from the party, Kyle complained that he felt left out because he had difficulty understanding what his friends were saying. He often says, “what” or “huh?”.

After comprehensive testing, the audiologist expalins the Kyle and his mother that he has

• central auditory processing disorder

• conductive hearing loss

• sensorineural hearing loss

• retrocochlear dysfunction

Central auditory processing disorder

A school based clinician is assessing the velopharyngeal adequacy of Abbas, a 13-year-old immigrant high school student from Pakistan. Abbas was born with a cleft palate and lip; there was no repair until his family came to the US when he was 11. In Pakistan, Abbas and his family lived in a rural area where surgery was unavailable. Though the repair surgery a year ago was successful and Abbas now has better speech, there is still audible nasal emission and hypernasality when he speaks. The clinician plans to refer him to a local craniofacial team, but she first wants to conduct as thorough an examination as she can. Despite the lack of instrumentation available at her school site, she does have access to an oral manometer. She uses this to provide a beginning point from which to refer Abbas to the craniofacial team. After obtaining a ration by comparing pressures achieved in the nostrils-occluded an the nostrils-open conditions, she concludes that he especially needs to be referred to the craniofacial team for possible further surgery or pharyngeal flap. When she did oral manometry, the clinician probably found that Abbas had a ration of

• 0.87

• 0.91

• 1.4

• 1.0

0.87

Which one of the following is false about speech and language therapy for children with cleft palate?

• nonspeech oral motor exercises are necessary for intelligible speech

• a focus on expressive language skills is especially appropriate because these skills tend to be delayed relative to expressive language

• Biofeedback instruments to reduce hypernasality may be useful

• Treatment of speech sound disorders is sequences hierarchically from sounds to syllables to words to phrases and then to sentences

Nonspeech oral motor exercises are necessary for intelligible speech

Language disorders are often identified through multidisciplinary assessment. A SLP may perform a comprehensive language evaluation that includes interviews, observations, questionnaires, surveys, and formal tests. There are several types of tests that a clinician may use during an assessment: norm-referenced tests and criterion-referenced tests. Which of the following statements is true about criterion-referenced tests?

• criterion-referenced tests identify what a client can and cannot do compared toa performance standard

• criterion-referenced tests are rarely used to assess clients for fluency and voice disorders

• criterion-referenced tests allow a comparison of an individual’s performance to the performance of a large group

• results of a criterion-refernced test are typically reported as a percentile ranking

Criterion-referenced tests identify what a client can and cannot do compared toa performance standard

____ errors are various types of substitutions that are frequently made by children with cleft palate; these substitutions help compensate for inadequate closure of the velopharyngeal mechanism

• compensatory

• phonological

• dispensatory

• photosubstitution

Compensatory

Which of the following muscles is considered a laryngeal elevator?

• omohyoid

• sternothyroid

• digastric

• sternohyoid

Digastric

At what age should a typically developing child be able to understand and use agent-action relationships?

• 24-48 months

• 46-64 months

• 18-24 months

• after 64 months

18-24 months

A six-year old girl, Vanessa, ha been referred to you. Her parents state that she was a happy, typically-developing child with excellent verbal language skills. They report athat she was an early and precocious reader with many friends. However, about a month ago, she began acting aggressive and hyperactive. She seemed to “fall off a cliff”, in the parents words, in her language skills. She was not able to comprehend what she heard and she stopped reading and speaking. They share that they are very worried and have been consulting with Vanessa;s physician. Given the description, you suspect that Vanessa has:

• Prader-Willi syndrome

• Moebius syndrome

• Landau-KLeffner syndrome

• Pierre-Robin syndrome

Landau-KLeffner syndrome

External validity of a study may be threatened by

• maturation

• statistical regression

• the Hawthorne effect

• attrition

The Hawthorne effect

During vocal fold vibration, what are the two forces needed for vibration?

• elasticity and energy

• elasticity and inertia

• inertia and power

• power and energy

Elasticity and inertia

These approaches to intervention for children with speech sound disorders recognize that speech sounds are not produced in isolation but rather in syllable-based contexts and that certain phonetic contexts facilitate correct sound usage

• maximal contrast

• context utilization

• minimal contrast

• phonological knowledge

Context utilization

You are serving as a clinician in a pediatric clinic. You and your colleagues evaluation the cognitive and linguistic skills of children from 1 to 12 years of age, frequently using Piaget’s cognitive stages of development as a guideline for evaluating cognitive skills along with language skills. You remember that in Piaget’s ___ stage, children evidence object permanence

• preoperational

• sensorimotor

• concrete operations

• formal operations

Sensorimotor

You are working in therapy with a child who has challenging behaviors. You decide to use negative reinforcement, which

• reduces the response rate

• strengthens - increases responses that terminate or postpone aversive events

• is comparable to punishment in its effects

• is involved in differential reinforcements of other behaviors

Strengthens - increases responses that terminate or postpone aversive events

Shamim, your 74-year-old patient, has just been diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. The patient’s disability seems mild to moderate; however, there is unsteadiness as she turns or when pushed from a stable standing position with her feet together and eyes closed. On the Parkinson’s Disease Disability Scale., how would you categorize Shamim’s disability?

• bilateral or midline involvement

• first sign of impaired righting reflexes

• unilateral involvement only

• fully developed, severely disabling disease

First sign of impaired righting reflexes

An 84-year-old woman is having difficulties with swallowing. She had a stroke 2 months ago and is now being seen as an outpatient. She complains that “food keeps getting stuck in her throat”. Her husband mentions that when she swallows a large bolus, she coughs often. He mentions that his wife is very frustrated and cannot eat steaks and other solid foods. He also mentions that she gets very embarrassed when they go out to dinner because she can only order soups, apple sauce, and other soft foods, as she is afraid of coughing if she eats solid foods.

While the clinician is conducting the examination in the radiology department to determine whether there was a delay in the pharyngeal swallow reflex, she most likely would have selected the following treatment technique with the patient

• head back

• head down/chin tuck

• lying on one side

• cervical auscultation

Head down/chin tuck

A 4-year-old-child, Abby, is referred by her pediatrician to a multidisciplinary clinic where speech-language pathologists and audiologists work witha. variety of other healthcare professionals. The pediatrician is concerned because Abby has had may middle-ear infections and several sets of pressure equalizing (PE) tubes. At her preschool, the teacher says that she “tunes out” and has difficulty following directions. Her mother says that at home, Abby always requests that music and TV be turned up louder. Thus, the pediatrician wants Abby to have a thorough hearing evaluation.

• relative measure test

• Rinne test

• Webster test

• Wilcox test

Rinne test

A patient with end-stage cancer was experiencing loss of weight, fatigue, weakness, and a significant reduction in appetite. The oncologist conferring with the SLP said that even though the patient was not actively trying to lose weight, his loss of body mass would be difficult to reverse nutritional because he had aggressive cancer. This condition of weight loss is called

• gluconeogenesis

• cachexia

• anorexia

• lipolysis

Cachexia

Brandon, a 72-year-old client with aphasia, can indicate his needs by pointing to items and objects. He does not initiate communication and requires extra support in routine conversation. What type of communicator will he be considered?

• augmented-input communicator

• controlled-situation communicator

• comprehensive communicator

• basic-choice communicator

Controlled-situation communicator

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx serve important functions in phonation. Some are primarily vibrating muscles, whereas others, by their actions, affect the actions of the vocal folds and the resulting quality of phonation. Of the statements that follow, select the one that is incorrect

• the thyroarytenoids are divided into two muscle masses

• the transverse arytenoids are laryngeal abductors

• the internal thyroarytenoids are also known as the vocalis muscle

• the cricothyroid muscle lengthens and tenses the vocal folds

The transverse arytenoids are laryngeal abductors

Select the false statement about African American English (AAE)

• it is influenced by languages of West Africa

• it is a substandard form of Mainstream American English

• if children speak AAE, they can become bidialectal through learning to use both AAE and Mainstream American English

• if children speak AAE, it is best to assess their language skills using alternative forms of assessment such as language sampling

It is a substandard form of Mainstream American English

The description of the different phases of normal swallow suggest which of the following statement?

• swallowing consists of a series of discrete actions described in terms of the oral preparatory, oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases

• in spite of being analyzed in terms of phases, swallowing typically is a continuous process

• the oral preparatory phase is not linked to the oral phase

• the pharyngeal phase, because it consists of reflex actions, is not closely related to the oral phase

In spite of being analyzed in terms of phases, swallowing typically is a continuous process

As children’s expressive language skills develop, they progress from using simple sentence structures to incorporating compound (using coordinating conjunctions) sentence forms in their spoken language. The milestone reflects increasing syntactic maturity and cognitive linguistic integration. At what age do typically developing children begin to consistently produce compound and complex sentence structures in spontaneous speech?

• 2-3 years

• 2-5 years

• 6-7 years

• 7-8 years

4-5 years

A clinician is conducting in-service training in a hospital and is recommending treatment designed for patients with severe aphasia and apraxia whose repetition abilities are severely impaired. The clinician mentions that the purpose of this approach is to shape a variety of utterances that may eventually be used volitionally. She is referring to the following approach to therapy:

• scritpy training

• multiple input phoneme therapy (MIPT)

• prompts for reconstructing oral muscular phonetic targets (PROMPT)

• melodic intonation therapy (MIT)

Multiple input phoneme therapy (MIPT)

The term ____ refers to a child’s recognition, understanding, and use of word (e.g., affixes) that carry significance

• print knowledge

• phonological awareness

• morphological awareness

• morphosyntactic knowledge

Morphological awareness

You are seeing Lacey, a 10-year-old girl with a w/r substitution. She is stimulable stimulable for /r/ in isolation but has no been able to produce /r/ in syllables or words as of yet. Lacey has some behavior issues, and motivating her can be challenging. Thus, in therapy, you begin sessions by rewarding each correct response with a star on her chart to encourage her to keep practicing. you are using a ____ method of reinforcement

• intermittent

• differential

• continuous

• targeted

Continuous

You are evaluating a 3-year-old child whose parents have concerns about his social aspects of communication, frequent echolalia, and perseverations. his parents mentioned that he frequently talks to himself, has anxiety, and displays hyperactive behavior. These concerns are evident throughout your evaluation. You notice that he has difficulty attending to tasks and has limited eye contact. Upon observation, you see that his facial features are characterized by high forehead, large jaw and pinna which are formed.following your evaluation, you refer this child and his family to a geneticist to rule out the possibility of a genetic syndrome. The patient most likely presents with

• down syndrome

• Pierre-Robbin syndrome

• Fragile X syndrome

• Prader-Willi syndrome

Fragile X syndrome

The following classes are part of which symbol system? Pictographs, ideographs, arbitrary and international:

• Blissymbols

• Picsyms

• Core Picture Vocabulary

• Pictogram Ideogram Communication

Blissymbols

• These pictures can be used independently or in combination to form a larger chain of communication and thought. Blissymbols include symbol called pictographs that are visually similar to their referent ideographs that represent whole ideas.

To measure public attitudes toward stuttering within a context of a variety of human conditions, a SLP would like to administer a reliable and valid survey that has good internal consistency and is translatable to several languages. The clinician would choose the

• POSHA-S

• PATA

• TOCS

• OASES

• POSHA-S

Mina is a 6yo with a profound hearing loss. She is a friendly, outgoing girl who enjoys socializing with others. Mina is doing well in school. However, Mina’s classroom teacher refers her to you for a speech evaluation. He tells you that “sometimes the othere students and I have a hard time understanding what Mina is saying”. In terms of Mina’s speech, which one of the characteristics below would you not expect her to exhibit?

• distortions of sounds, especially stops and fricatives

• epenthesis, or adding a schwa to a consonant blend

• consonant cluster reduction

• difficulty with most consonants, but highly accurate production of vowels

Difficulty with most consonants, but highly accurate production of vowels

• many individuals with hearing loss distort their vowels, especially if the hearing loss has not been ameliorated early in life

The ___ theory of ___ stipulated that all children are born with a LAD; put differently, all children are born with an innate capacity to learn language and thus do not necessarily need to experience environmental stimulation or reinforcement to become competent language users

• nativist, Chomsky

• social interactionism, Vygotsky

• Cognitive, Piaget

• Information processing, DuBois

nativist, Chomsky

• today many clinicians do not subscribe to the antivist theory

A patient was transferred from another facility where he received therapy for oral preparatory and oral phase dysphagia. He reported completed oral-motor control exercises to increase buccal tension to facilitate appropriate mastication. You indicate to the clinical fellow that the following are methods of increasing buccal mastication, except

• opening the mouth widely while saying “ah”

• stretching the lips as tightly as possible and saing “ee”

• rounding the lips tightly and saying “oh”

• rapidly alternating between “ee” and “oh”

opening the mouth widely while saying “ah”

• we typically see this with clients who have a cleft palate. this is used to improve soft palate strength

Acoustic immittance is measured with:

• tympanometry

• sensitometry

• tonometry

• acoustic reflex

tympanometry

When administering standardized tests of speech and language skills to clients, we can remember that ___ are converted scores that show the percentage of subjects who scored at or below a specific raw score

• standard deviations

• standard scores

• raw scores

• percentile ranks

percentile ranks

What is the muscle that exerts the pull that allows the Eustachian tibe to open during yawning and swallowing?

• tensory palatini

• levator palatini

• tensory tympani

• levator veli palatini

tensory palatini

Sometimes specialists assess the lung volume of voice patients because breath support is inadequate. Specialists can measure ___, or the total volume of air in the lungs; other measurements can include ___, or the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathing cycle, and ___, or the volume of air that the patient can exhale after a maximal inhalation

total lung capacity, tidal volume, vital capacity

A study was carried out by investigators who were evaluating the efficacy of a certain phonological awareness program for children with documented language impairment. The investigators matched 4 year olds on key variables such as nonverbal skills, socioeconomic status, and the language spoken in the home. Group A received the phonological awareness intervention in small groups three times a week for 4 months. Group B did not receive the treatment. For both groups, phonological awareness skills were evaluated before and after Group A received the treatment. At the end of the study, it was found that Group A showed significant gains in phonological awareness skills, while Group B did not. In this study, Group B was the __________ group

• control

• experimental

• comparative

• nonparallel

control

• The group that does not receive the treatment is called the control group. The experimental group consists of subjects who receive treatment

As a SLP, what is one way to treat associated respiratory problems during voice therapy for a patient with CP?

• provide and monitory medical intervention to help improve patterned breathing

• prescribe exercises to improve breath support for speech

• have the family monitor the dietary habits of the child

• work on the client’s articulation issues first, then work on respiratory issues

prescribe exercises to improve breath support for speech

Which on is false about clinicians who conduct language therapy for children based on Vygotsky’s social interactionism theory?

• they emphasize language function, not structure

• they almost always use a stimulus-response-reinforcement model

• they build therapy sessions around increasing children’s motivation to communicate

• they motivate children to communicate by supplying external contexts to motivate children to use language to meet their needs

they almost always use a stimulus-response-reinforcement model

• this is central to the behaviorist theory of B.F. Skinner

There is limited epidemiological research with regard to risk factors for developing cluttering; however, several experts have indicated that the prevalence of cluttering is estimated to be between ___ of school age children

• .1 to 1

• 1.1 to 1.2

• 1.5 to 2.0

• 2.1 to 3.0

1.1 to 1.2

You are working with Cornelius, a 7yo client who has ASD. The target behavior for the session is taking turn with little to no frustrations, Cornelius responds well to most types of motivators. During your session, he shows no signs of frustration and takes turns cooperatively. What is the most effective way to ensure increased frequency of the target behaviors?

• verbal praise after each turn and an additonal reward at the end of the session

• verbal praise after each turn, short breaks as a reward, and an additional motivator at the end of the session

• verbal praise after each turn and short breaks as a reward

• short breaks as a reward and an additional motivator at the end of the session

verbal praise after each turn, short breaks as a reward, and an additional motivator at the end of the session

While conducting an evaluation of an infant in a neonatal ICU, a student intern informed her supervisor that she noticed that while stimulating the gums of the infant, it elicited a rhythmical opening and closing of the jaw. She also noticed that the infant gently nibbled on her finger. The supervisor informed the student that normally developing infants go through this stage, called

• tonic bite reflex

• phasic bite reflex

• jaw retraction

• jaw clenching

phasic bite reflex

A professor is teaching a class and informs his students that ___ interference reduces the amplitude of the resultant wave

• constructive

• destructive

• optial

• quanum

destructive

In tyypically developing children, which phonological pattern/process persists after age 3?

• reduplication

• stopping

• fronting of velars

• final consonant deletion

stopping

A factor that may positively influence pediatric feeding for infants is

• stenosis

• choanal atresia

• nutritive sucking

• nonnutritive sucking

nutritive sucking

This type of imaging may be used to diagnose individuals with early onset or very midl dementia symptoms (usually under the age of 65) that may even be associated with sever depression. If the results of the test are positive, it indicates the presence of Alzheimer’s disease, These scans are called

• tau PET scans

• amyloid PET scans

• fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET scans

• beta PET scans

amyloid PET scans

• identification of plaque growth

You perform an oral-mech on a client. You ask him to stick out his tongue and you notice that it deviates toward the left. Since tongue musculature is paired, this means your cleint probobly has a weak

• right genioglossus

• left genioglossus

• right hyoglossus

• left hyoglossus

left genioglossus

• The main function of the genioglossus muscle is to deviate the tongue to the opposite side and to protrude the tongue anteriorly. The genioglossus also helps with swallowing. Acting simultaneously, the left and right genioglossus muscles help to depress the middle of the tongue. If the tongue deviates to the damaged side, it is indicative of peripheral damage to the hypoglossal nerve.

Which treatment method involves training the user’s receptive language to promote symbol comprehension and production?

• behavioral interventions

• time delay

• augmented input

• core vocabulary approach

augmented input

• the user is shown an AAC symbol along with the spoken word simultaneously, This is used with newer AAC users.

A child is brough to you with the following symptoms: disturbed balance, awkward gait, and uncoordinated movements, as well as some dysarthria. You suspect:

• spastic cerebral pals

• TBI due to gunshot wound

• ataxic cerebral palsy

• athetoid cerebral palsy

ataxic cerebral palsy

You are asked to design a treatment program for young children who stutter, including preschoolers. Among the following choices, which would you most likely select?

• delayed auditory feedback

• making noise

• fluency reinforcement

• fluent stuttering

fluency reinforcement

• used to praise fluent speech and positivity to increase fluency

When evaluating a child with CP, the following symptom is often noticed

• increased rate of speech

• equal stress is produced on all syllables

• fatigue iis not an issue

• resonance difficulties

resonance difficulties

Critical diagnostic features of the right hemisphere syndrome include which of the following?

• acceptance of illness

• intact discourse skills

• ease of expressing experienced emotions

• impaired narrative skills

impaired narrative skills

• RHD is associated with orientation, perception, and organization deficits

The function of the ___ is to allow optimum contraction and expansion of the lungs during breathing

• mediastinum

• bronchioles

• alveoli

• pleura

pleura

• pleural fluids act like a lubricant that is needed for optimal lung performance

Jack is an 8-year-old boy who is a chronic mouth breather. He attends an evaluation with his mother, who mentions that the ENT informed her that in young children, respiration could be obstructed when the pharyngeal tonsils are inflamed or swollen. You concur with the ENT and mention that it is possible that the root cause of her son’s chronic mouth breathing is swelling of the

• inferior constrictor of the pharynx

• trachea

• nasal conchae

• tonsillar ring

tonsillar ring

• when inflamed can result in obstructed respiration

When is the past tense regular -ed mastered by typically developing children?

18-32 months

What are the two most prominent air-filled cavities that compose the outer ear and have resonant frequency to which they respond?

• concha

• ear canal

___ is the most common cause of dementia; it is offically diagnosed during ___

• alzheimer’s disease

• autopsy