Back 1

DOES NOT INCLUDE OIAN!!!!!

primary curvatures

reflect the shape of developing embryo, concave anteriorly, retained in thoracic, sacral, and coccygeal regions in adult

secondary curvatures

form in cervical and lumbar regions, concave posteriorly, align body with center of gravity

scoliosis

lateral curvature of vertebral column

superficial back muscles

extrinsic back muscles, involved in upper limb movements, latissimus dorsi, trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids

intermediate back muscles

extrinsic back muscles, accessory muslces in respiration, serratus posterior superior and inferior

deep back muscles

intrinsic back muscles, trunk and neck frunctions, multiple layers, spinotransversales, erector spinae, transversospinales, segmental, suboccipital

spinotransversalis muscles

most superficial deep layer, run medial to lateral, neck movement

erector spinae muscles

largest group, lateral to spinous processes, medial to posterior angles of ribs, 3 columns, trunk and neck movements

transversospinalis muscles

run lateral to medial, 3 groups

segmental muscles

deepest of intrinsic in back, span between adjacent vertebral levels

suboccipital muscles

small intrinsic muscles of upper cervical region, deep to semispinalis capitus, form triangle, structured for proprioception

thoracolumbar fascia

3 layers, dense connective tissue sheets, connects to latissimus dorsi and transverse abdominus, reinforces and supports back muscles

33

total number of vertebrae

lower cervical vertebrae

transverse foramen, spinous process, transverse process, groove for spinal nerve, uncinate processes (mouse)

atlas

ring-shaped with large vertebral foramen, lack of spinous process and vertebral body, facet for dens, superior articular facets for occipital condyles, large lateral masses

axis

dens, large spinous process

thoracic vertebrae

spinous process, costal facets, transverse costal facet (giraffe)

lumbar vertebrae

large body, long transverse processes, medial facing superior articular facets, laterally facing inferior articular facets

sacrum

5 fused vertebrae

coccyx

4 fused vertebrae, articulates with apex of sacrum

spinal motion segment

smallest mobile unit of vertebral column, 2 vertebrae and intervertebral disk

intervertebral disk

solid symphysis joint, outer portion anulus fibrosis, inner portion nucleus pulposis, attached to epiphyseal rim

zygapophyseal joints

paired synovial plane joints between adjacent vertebral arches, between facets of articular processes

vertebral canal

stacked vertebral foramina, continuous through spine

uncovertebral joints

unique to lower cervical region, guide movement, provide lateral stability

atlanto-occipital joint

lacks intervertebral disk, little to no rotation

atlanto-axial joint

lacks intervertebral disk, 50% of all cervical rotation, small movement in sagittal and coronal planes

interdependent movement of the upper cervical spine

lateral flexion coupled with contralateral rotation

interdependent movement of the lower cervical spine

lateral flexion coupled with ipsilateral rotation

anterior longitudinal ligament

connects anterior vertebral bodies, resists extension

posterior logitudinal ligament

connects posterior vertebral bodies, anterior boundary of vertebral canal

supraspinous ligament

spans posterior spinous processes, resists flexion

interspinous ligaments

between spinous processes, resists flexion

ligamentum flavum

between lamina, posterior boundary of vertebral canal, resists flexion

intertransverse ligaments

thoracic and lumbar specific, paired right and left between transverse processes, restrain contralateral lateral flexion

ligamnetum nuchae

blend of supraspinous and interspinous liagaments with muscular aponeuroses, resists flexion, primary muscle attachment site

anterior atlanto-occipital membrane

spans anterior foramen magnum to atlas, blends with anterior logitudinal ligament, supports upper cervical spine

posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

spans posterior formen magnum to atlas, bends with adjacent joint capsules, analogous to ligamentum flavum, supports upper cervical spine

tectorial membrane

superior continuation of posterior longitudinal ligament from axis to occipital, restrains flexion, supports upper cervical spine

cruciform ligament

longitudinal band connecting axis to occipital, supports upper cervical spine

transverse ligament of atlas

spans between atlas and across dens, supports upper cervical spine, restrains anterior translation of atlas on axis