Section 1 : Chapters 4 - 6

Chapter 4 : Political authority in action

Russification

How many ethnic minorities were there in the Russian Empire?

Over 100

When was there a polish rebellion caused by increased nationalism?

1830

What was set up in Finland in the 1840s?

A Finnish Language Pressure Group

What group wanted to separate Ukrainian Slavs from Russia?

Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius

What broke out in 1863?

Polish Rebellion

What did Poland create before the rebellion?

An underground national government

How many people were involved in the government?

200,000

Who did the Tsar send to crush the rebels?

Duke Konstantin (his brother)

When did the guerilla warfare end?

1864

What did decrees in 1864 and 75 allow Latvians and Estonians to do?

Revert to Lutheranism

What did the Tsar allow Finnish people to have?

Their own diet (parliament)

How did Alexander II repress Ukraine in 1876?

Prohibition of the use of the Ukrainian language in publications or performances

What did Alexander III do in 1892 to repress Finland?

Reorganised the diet to weaken its influence

What 3 other things did the tsar do to encourage Russification in Finland?

• Abolished independent postal service

• Russian coinage replaced currency

• Russian language became increasingly demanded

When did Alexander III close the Polish National Bank?

1885

How was Russian influenced increased in Polish education?

All teaching had to be in Russian

What did the Tsar do to Russify the Baltic Germans between 1885 - 1889?

He introduced measures that enforced the use of Russian in all schools, courts and state offices

How did laws in 1883 affect Ukraine?

They limited the use of Ukrainian

How else did the Tsar restrict Ukrainian culture?

He closed down all theatres in Ukraine

How did the tsar encourage orthodoxy?

He made laws benefiting Orthodox Christians

How many Lutherans in the Baltic Region converted to Orthodoxy because of this?

37,000

What were three ways in which the Tsar controlled religion in Poland?

• Catholic monasteries were closed down

• Incentives for non - Catholics to settle there

• Influence of Catholic priests reduce

What group was set up to convert people in Asia to Orthodoxy?

The All - Russian Orthodox Missionary Society

What atrocity did this group carry out?

Forced mass baptisms

From 1883 what were non - orthodox members not allowed to do?

• Build new places of worship

• Wear religious dress publicly

How many cases of mass disturbance were recorded in 1888?

332

What did national groups in the more educated areas do?

• Constantly petitioned for more liberites

• Secret publication of local language books

Anti - Semitism

How many jews were there in the Russian Empire?

5 million

What was the area where most Jews were confined to?

Pale of Settlement

What did Alexander II do after being frightened by the 1863 Polish rebellion?

He reduced the participation of Jews in town government

What anti - semitic slogan did Pobedonestsev say?

‘One third should emigrate, one third die and one third assimilate’

What were the two reasons for Alexander III’s anti - semitic beliefs?

• Religious - ‘the Jews have crucified our master’

• Political - press encouraged the idea that Jews were involved in the Tsar’s assassination

When did pogroms break out in Ukraine?

1881

What were the two possible causes of the pogroms?

• Business competition for railway contracts

• Encouraged by Okhrana using the assassination as an excuse

What was the organisation that helped the attacks?

The Holy League

Who supported this group?

Pobedonostsev

How many major cities did the pogroms spread to (examples)?

• 16

• Kiev

• Warsaw

What did the pogroms involve?

• Burnt shops and destroyed businesses

• Rape and murder

How long did the main outbreaks last for?

Until 1884

What 3 things did the 1882 May Laws restrict Jews from doing?

1. Jews forbidden to settle outside towns with fewer than 10k people

2. Could not mortgage or rent property outside towns

3. Could not do business on Sundays and Christian holidays

What did the Governor General of St Petersburg do in 1882?

Ordered 14 jewish apothecaries to shut down

What law affected Jewish business in 1886?

Could only sell alcohol from their homes

What 2 pieces of legislation in 1887 restricted the jews right to live anywere?

• Jews who had been living in Russia because of their university qualifications had to return to the Pale

• Jews prohibited from settling in Finland

What did the 1889 legislation do?

Jews needed special consent from the Minister of Justice to become a barrister

What act in 1892 showed direct anti - semitism?

• Jews banned from participation in local elections

• Prohibited from the right to be elected to town Dumas

When were Jews prohibited from getting licenses to sell alcohol?

1894

What happened to Jews in Kiev in 1886?

They were forcibly expelled

How many Jewish artisans were expelled from moscow in 1891?

10,000

Who became the new Governor General of Moscow in 1892?

Grand Duke Sergei

What did he do during passover?

Forced out 20,000 Jews

Chapter 5 : The growth of opposition to tsarist rule

Moderate Liberal Opposition

What social group were the moderate liberals mostly from?

The Intelligentsia

What two groups did they usually fall under?

Slavophiles and Westernisers

What did the slavophiles believe?

• Russia had a unique culture driven by the peasant society and Orthodox Church

• This should be preserved as the country modernises

Who was a famous Slavophile and what did he do?

• Tolstoy

• Wrote War and Peace in 1865

What did the Westernisers believe?

• Russia should abandon Slavic tradition and adopt modern Western values

• Wanted economic and military reform

• Also wanted more civil liberties : representative assemblies and reduced power of Orthodox Church

Who was a famous westerniser and what did he do?

• Turgenev

• Fathers and Sons (1862) addressed problems with contemporary Russia

What caused socialism to begin to take root?

Industrialisation

How did this split the intelligentsia?

• Some supported Marxist theory

• Others stayed more moderate and wanted reform of tsardom

What event in 1891 -2 caused growth of liberal opposition?

The Great Famine

Why?

• Inaction of the government meant the Zemstva was left responsible for relief

• People began to see a need for the tsarist system to change

Radical Opposition

What was the most prominent radical student group?

Young Russia

What did they do in 1862?

Burnt 2000 shops in St Petersburg

How did the Tsar respond?

Sent a commission to investigate which did nothing

Who wrote the book What is to be done?

Chernsyshevsky

Where and when did he write it?

1862 - Peter and Paul fortress

What did idea did Chernyshevsky promote?

That peasants had to be the leaders of revolution

What did Herzen advocate for in the illegal journal The Bell?

A new peasant based social structure

Who helped introduce Marxism to Russia?

Bakunin

How did he do this?

He translated Marx’s The Communist Manifesto in 1869

What two key ideas did Bakunin believe in?

• Pivate land should be owned collectively

• Income should be based on number of hours worked

Why did Nechaev have to flee Russia?

He called on St Petersburg students to assassinate the tsar

When did Bakunin and Nechaev write a Catechism of a revolutionary?

1869

What did the book suggest?

Opponents of autocracy should put everything aside and mercilessly pursue revolution

What was the St Petersburg Literary society that was set up in 1868?

The Tchailovsky Circle

What did it do?

Printed and published revolutionary literature including Das Kapital

What did the idea of ‘going to the people’ become known as?

Populism

Who led the Populists (Narodniks)?

Lavrov

What did Lavrov order 2000 people to do in 1874?

To go to the countryside and persuade the peasantry that the future of Russia depended on the development of the peasant commune.

Why did it backfire?

The peasants ignorance, superstition and deep loyalty to the Tsar meant they were hostile

What did this result in?

1600 incomers were arrested

When did the Narodniks go to the people again?

1876

What did the populist Romas set up and why did this cause tension?

• Cooperative store selling cheaper fruit and veg

• Richer peasants felt threatened as they had already made deals with merchants

What did the richer peasants do?

• Intimidated customers

• Brutally murdered his shop assistant scattering body as a warning

• Blew up his shop

When was Land and Libery set up?

1877

How did they approach Populism differently?

They sought work within peasant communes (Intelligentsia professions) in a less obtrusive way

Who did they assassinate in 1878?

General Mezemtsev (Head of Third Section)

What else did Land and Liberty do to challenge autocracy?

Held meetings with the Zemstva

When did Land and Liberty split into two groups and what were they?

• 1879

• Black Repartition

• The People’s Will

Who led the Black Repartition?

Plekhanov

What did they want?

For the black soil provinces of Russia to be shared among the Peasants

What methods did they have and what was their approach?

• Working peacefully among peasants and with students

• Publishing radical materials

• Wanted to stimulate change peacefully

Why were they weakened?

There was a series of arrests in 1880 - 1881

What was the other group called?

The People’s Will

What did it advocate for?

Violence and the assassination of officials to undermine the government