neurosci

The general function of receptors and the process of __ involves converting one form of signal into another.

Transduction

The main functional components of receptors include __, which are responsible for detecting specific signals.

Ligands

Ionotropic receptors operate __, while metabotropic receptors involve a signaling cascade.

Directly through ion channels

Typical ligands for receptors include neurotransmitters, hormones, and __.

Other signaling molecules

The determination of whether stimulation of an ionotropic or metabotropic receptor results in an or depends on the receptor type and ligand.

EPSP or IPSP

Receptor types differ in onset, anatomical spread, and __ of action.

Duration

Signal amplification is greater in __ receptors compared to ionotropic receptors.

Metabotropic

The difference between the shortcut pathway and the second messenger pathway is that the __ pathway acts more quickly.

Shortcut

Homomeric metabotropic receptors consist of __, while heterotrimeric receptors consist of different subunits.

Identical subunits

G proteins act as molecular switches and interact with __ and second messengers to propagate signals.

Effectors

The signaling cascades activated by Gi/o, Gs, and Gq-coupled metabotropic receptors ultimately result in different __ to elicit a cellular response.

Physiological effects