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Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Mulattos

Persons of mixed European and African ancestry

Creoles

Spaniards born in Latin America

Peninsulares

People born in Spain; held political power in latin america

Haiti

This country was first latin american colony to win its independence; first successful slave revolt

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Former slave who led Haiti's independence movement

Napoleon

This man impacted Latin America's independence by taking over Spain and causing rebellion in the colonies

Enlightenment

The American Revolution, the French Revolution, and this "age of reason" were all causes of independence movements in latin america

Simon Bolivar

Creole general who helped Venezuela win independence; The Liberator

Jose de San Martin

Creole general who helped Argentina and Peru win independence

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions

Jose Maria Morelos

led the revolution in Mexico after the defeat of Hidalgo; defeated after four years

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain

Encomienda System

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to land and local Indians in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills; it became oppressive and exploitative

Hacienda

large, self-sufficient farming estates formed by Spanish colonists

Mercantilism

Idea where colonies provide raw materials and markets for the mother country

Dom Pedro

son of the Portugal King that ruled Brazil and declared it independent in 1822

Cultural Effect

After independence the divide between the rich and poor grew

Political Effect

After independence political power was concentrated in the hands of a few

caudillo

military dictator in Latin America

Economic Effect

After independence the economy struggled because countries didn't industrialize, focused on only 1-2 exports, and had unequal trade agreements

Hernando Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican general and 11 time President who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles in the Mexican War

Benito Juarez

Liberal President of Mexico who tried to redistribute land and better education in his program

Porfirio Diaz

a dictator who dominated Mexico

Francisco Madero

President of Mexico who was well educated and wealthy; he wanted democracy but was assassinated

Pancho Villa

This popular military leader came from a poor family and was known for being a "robin hood."

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution; his slogan was "land and liberty and he created the Plan of Ayala

Carranza

This President of Mexico was leader near the end of the Revolution; he revised Mexico's constitution which promoted land reforms workers' rights, and education

Obregon

This general overthrew Carranza to become President; he supported public education unity and nationalism; he was assassinated in 1928