methods of repression and enforcement

Alexander II- use of propaganda

-1860s, newspapers and books no longer had to submit to prior censorship

-after 1866 censorship was tightened and reversed previous reforms

Alexander II- trial and justice system

-after 1866, used military courts to try more serious political cases and were not open to report

-trial of the 50 and trial of the 193

Alexander III- use of secret police

-Okhrana set up in 1881

-state surveillance in 1882

-large scale (10000 people arrested in 1881)

Alexander III- use of propaganda

-1881, statute of state security (closed newspapers)

-Russification

-Jews and the Pale of settlement

-very harsh

Nicholas II- use of secret police

-Okhrana, used to infiltrate radical parties

-used to regain control in 1906

-scale of threat increased so did the use of secret police

Provisional government- use of propaganda

-honeymoon period, relaxation with freedom of speech, religion and press

Lenin- trial and justice system

-show trials of SR’s, 34 condemned as terrorist and 11 executed

Stalin- use of secret police

-large scale extensive use if secret police

-GPU, dekulakisation

-NKVD, party purges during the great terror

-NKVD order 00447

Stalin -use of propaganda

-‘the great retreat’, silencing of writers used propaganda to spread message and ideals- Pravda newspaper

-Stalin’s cult of personality

Stalin- trails and justice system

-1936, first major show trials of Zinoviev and Kamenev

-January 1937, trial of military leaders

-1938 show trials

Khrushchev- use of secret police

-used KGB less due to desalinisation, didn’t want to be associated with Stalin and his use of the secret police

Khrushchev- trails and justice system

-freed many political prisoners

-destalinisation criticised Stalins show trials and purges