Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases Lecture Notes

These flashcards cover key concepts regarding cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases discussed in the lecture.

A normal healthy artery is __________.

stretchy, elastic, and smooth with laminar blood flow.

The beginnings of atherosclerosis are indicated by __________.

fatty streaks or plaque buildup in the arteries.

Hypertension is often referred to as the __________ because it can cause damage without symptoms.

silent killer.

The process of blood flow through healthy arteries is known as __________.

laminar flow.

Angina is essentially __________.

chest pain.

Stable angina occurs when __________.

pain is triggered by exertion and relieved by rest.

Unstable angina can occur __________.

at rest or with minimal exertion.

A complete blockage in the coronary arteries may lead to __________.

acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

The heart muscle requires blood supply from the __________ for its function.

coronary arteries.

Ischemia refers to __________ in the blood flow, leading to insufficient oxygen supply.

narrowing or blockage.

Cardiac troponin is released when __________ occur.

myocardial cells die.

When there is insufficient oxygen, the myocardium resorts to __________.

anaerobic respiration.

Lactic acid buildup was once thought to cause pain, but it's actually __________ that causes pain during ischemia.

adenosine.

For pain management in myocardial infarctions, __________ is often administered.

morphine.

Thrombolytics are used to __________ in the case of myocardial infarction.

lyse thrombus clots.

Glycerol trinitrate (GTN) acts as a __________ to reduce preload and afterload on the heart.

venodilator.

Increasing oxygen supply to the heart can be achieved by __________.

providing oxygen masks to patients.

Anticoagulants prevent further clots from developing, examples include __________ and __________.

warfarin and heparin.

In cerebrovascular disease, if blood flow to the brain is interrupted, the brain can __________.

die from lack of oxygen.

A TIA is also known as a __________.

transient ischemic attack.

For a hemorrhagic stroke, providing thrombolytics would __________ the situation.

exacerbate.

Ischemic strokes are commonly caused by __________.

blockages such as thrombi or embolisms.

Signs of a stroke can be remembered with the acronym "FAST", where "F" stands for __________.

Face.

The loss of speech in patients with stroke may indicate a lesion in __________ area.

Broca's.

The brain can only tolerate a lack of oxygen for __________ minutes before permanent damage occurs.

about 3 to 6.

Hemorrhagic strokes are considered __________ compared to ischemic strokes due to their severity and sudden onset.

more dangerous.

With ischemic stroke, immediate treatment involves __________ to restore blood flow.

thrombolytic therapy.