Anatomical Terms for Bone Features

Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture

sinuses

cavity

foramen

hole

process

prominent projection

condyle

smooth, rounded articular surface

fossae

a depression

tubercle

a small, rounded bump

contained within the pelvic girdle

sacrum and coccyx

bones of the pelvis

sacrum, coccyx, and right and left coxal bones

consists of the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and the thoracic (rib) cage

axial skeleton

consists of the upper and lower limbs of the body and the two girdles (pelvic and pectoral)

appendicular skeleton

skull (cranium) cavities (5)

cranial, nasal, oral, middle and inner-ear, paranasal sinuses (open to our nasal cavity)

what are the 22 bones of our skull joined together by?

sutures (immovable joints)

the 8 bones of the braincase (neurocranium)

2 parietals, 1 ethmoid, 1 sphenoid, 2 temporal, 1 occipital, 1 frontal (PEST OF 6)

the 14 bones of the facial (viscerocranium)

2 maxilla, 2 zygomatic, 2 palatines, 2 lacrimals, 2 nasals, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 1 mandible, and 1 vomer

the function of the braincase (neurocranium)

surrounds and protects the brain

function of the facial bones (viscerocranium)

protect major sensory organs - eye, nose, and tongue; provide attachment sites for muscles of mastication (chewing), facial expression, and eye movement

parietals

form most of cranial roof and part of lateral walls

temporals

form lateral walls of braincase

occipital

forms attachment point for our neck muscles

sphenoid

anterior based of skill - pituitary gland location

ethmoid

between eyes and forms the roof of the nasal cavity

auditory ossicles (6 bones)

2 malleus, 2 incus, 2 stapes (3 in each ear)

hyoid bone

unpaired in the superior neck and has no direct attachment to the skull; an attachment for neck and tongue muscles

vertebral column bones (26)

7 cervical (atlas and axis), 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, and 1 coccyx

atlas function within the cervical vertebrae

holds up the head and allows for nodding

axis function in the cervical vertebae

allows rotation of the atlas - “no” movement; has a process called “dens” that extends into the foramen of the atlas

lumbar function

weight bearing function because it is further inferior

how many spinal curvatures are there?

4

primary spinal curvature and how is it curved

thoracic and sacral; curved posteriorly (present at birth)

secondary spinal curvature and how is it curved

cervical and lumbar; curved anteriorly

abnormal curvatures (3)

lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis

lordosis

exaggeration of lumbar

kyphosis

exaggeration of thoracic (hunchback)

scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature, often accompanied by kyphosis

what does a typical vertebrae consist of?

1 body, 2 lamina (connects with each other), and 2 pedicles (connects with body)

body is oriented…

anterior

where the lamina connect in the vertebrae is oriented…

posterior

what is the center of the vertebrae called?

vertebral foramen

what is the function of the vertebral foramen?

to protect the spinal cord

what are the points of muscle and ligament attachment between the lamina and the pedicle?

spinous processes (lamina) - posterior; transverse processes (pedicle) - lateral

where do the spinal nerves exit the spinal cord?

intervertebral formina

what is located between adjacent vertebrae and what is their function

intervertebral discs (made of fibrocartilage: rlly rigid = good for weight bearing - provide support as well as prevent vertebrae from rubbing against each other

what does the rib cage consist of?

thoracic vertebrae, ribs with their cartilages, and sternum (breast bone)

ribs consist of…

7 pairs of true ribs, 5 pairs of false ribs, 3 pairs of vertebrochondral ribs, 2 pairs of floating ribs

what are true ribs?

attach directly to sternum via their own costal cartilages

what are false ribs?

join with vertebrochondral ribs to a common cartilage to the sternum

what are floating ribs?

do not attach directly to the sternum

what does the sternum consist of?

manubrium, body, and xiphoid processes

what does the manubrium articulate with?

the first rib and clavicle

what does the body of the sternum articulate with?

ribs 3-7

what does the xiphoid process articulate with?

inferior tip of the sternum

what is the appendicular skeleton

upper and lower limbs and the girdles

what are the two girdles called?

pelvic and pectoral girdles

what is the function of the pectoral girdle?

helps to attach the upper limb to the body

what does the pectoral girdle consist of?

clavicle - 2 and scapula - 2

what does the clavicle articulate with?

the sternum and the scapula

what areas a part of the upper limb (non scientific names)?

arm, forearm, and wrist

what are the function of the upper limbs

wide range of movement

what do the upper limbs consist of?

left and right humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

what does the upper arm consist of and what is it in between?

humerus; between the scapula and the radius and ulna

what does the forearm consist of?

ulna and radius

what does the wrist consist of? how many rows is it arranged in?

carpals; 2 rows

what does the hand consist of? how many does each finger have of the second bone?

metacarpals and phalanges; each finger has 3 phalanges, except the thumb (2)`

what does the pelvic girdle consist of? what is it joined to?

right and left hipbones (coxal bones) joined anteriorly and to the posterior sacrum

what do the hipbones consist of?

ileum, ischium, and pubis

what is considered the head of an arm limb?

distal end

what is considered the head part of the leg limb?

the proximal end

what does the lower limb consist of (non-scientific terms)?

thigh, leg, and foot

what is the function of the lower limb?

supports the body and the bones are thicker and longer

what do the lower limbs consist of?

left and right femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

what is the patella?

kneecap

which bones supports most of the leg weight?

tibia

what is the fibula?

lower leg

how many metatarsals do we have?

5

how many phalanges in the foot do we have?

3 per toe, except for big toe (2)

what is the femur

thigh bone

how many arches does the foot have and what is the function of the arch?

3 arches - helps distribute weight of the body between heel and fall of the foot

what are the 2 longitudinal arches that extend from the heel to the ball?

lateral and medial

what is the one arch that extends across the foot?

transverse

what are the three arches held together by?

strong ligaments

what is the tough outer ring of an intervertebral disc called?

annulus fibrosis

what is inside the annulus fibrosis?

nucleus pulposus

what is the function of the rib cage?

`protect heart and lungs and forms a chamber that changes in volume during respiration