Dr. Rosenthal's 47 Minute Super Review - NCE

nature vs nurture

-nature refers to genetics and heredity

-nurture referes to upbringing and evnvironment

biological or physical theories

stress the fact that you inherit thousands of genes from your parents

psychoanalytic (also called psycho dynamic)

-based on Freud, Jung, and Adler who emphasized birth order and Erik Erickson's eight step epigenetic psychosocial theory that encompasses the entire life span

Freud's 5 Stage Model

oral stage, anal, phallic, latency, genital

oral stage

0-1, pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

anal stage

2-3 years; learning to control the bowels leads to a focus on the anus

phallic stage

3-5 years. Focus is on the genitals; Oedipus complex

Oedipus (boys) /Electra (girls) complex

believes the child is attracted to the parent of the opposite sex in the phallic stage (ages 3-5) *most controversial part of Freud's theory

latency stage

6-12 years - sexual feelings repressed; same sex friendships.

genital stage

12+; Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).

Freud's Structural Model

id, ego, superego

id

pleasure principle and is present at birth

Superego

moral seat of the personality: houses the Childs moral and ethical standards that they receive from parents or society

ego

tries to keep the ID and superego in balance resorting to ego defense mechanisms to distort reality thus reducing anxiety

Eros vs. Thanatos

ero- life instinct

thanatos- death instinct

Abraham Maslow

self actualization / hierarchy of needs (lower psychological & safety needs must be achieved before self actualization can occur)

John Piaget

theory of cognitive development

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

1. sensorimotor stage (0-2)

2. pre-operational stage (2-6)

3. concrete operational stage (6-11)

4. formal operational stage (11-15) *abstract thinking

William Perry

9 stage, 4 level model cognitive development in college students

Lawrence Kohlberg

focused on morality in three levels:

1. pre conventional level (following rules to avoid punishment/ getting caught - want to satisfy personal needs)

2. conventional level (wants to please others, work towards the good of society, & maintain law & order)

3. post conventional level (individual concludes that rules are relative and that behavior is molded by self-chosen principles

pre conventional level

following rules to avoid punishment/ getting caught - want to satisfy personal needs

conventional level

wants to please others, work towards the good of society, & maintain law & order

post conventional level

individual concludes that rules are relative and that behavior is molded by self-chosen principles

Carol Gilligan

was critical of Kohlberg's Paradigm as she claimed it was primarily applicable to males. She instead believed that females based their morality more on caregiving and males focus on justice

Daniel Levinson

postulated the well-known mid-life crisis. His theory is not universally accepted.

Albert Bandura

social learning theory; seeing someone getting reinforced for a given behavior so you engage in the behavior

Robert Havighurst

Believes children must master specific developmental tasks to develop normally - felt that stages of growth are linked with tasks such as learning to walk, talk, or learning to eat solid food.

culture

habits; customs, art, religion, science, & political behavior of a given group of people over a given period of time

universal culture

implies that we are genetically and biologically similar (biological sameness) - for instance, we all need air, food, & water

national culture

can determine language, political views, & laws

regional culture

gives us the behavior for a certain region (civil war = example of regional, cultural differences)

ecological culture

environmental factors such as earthquakes, floods, temperature, & food supply can influence behavior

Also determines what we eat and what we wear

dominant culture

macro culture

non dominate culture

micro culture

race

a given race has a set of genetically transmitted characteristics

racism

when one race sees itself as superior to another

Ethnocentrism

one group sees itself as the benchmark by which other groups are measured

emic

the counselor helps the client understand his/her culture

etic

the counselor emphasizes that we are all more alike than we are different

Autoplastic

the counselor helps the client change to cope with his/her environment

Aloplastic

the counselor has the client try to change the environment

Cultural Consideration for Tests & Nosological Systems (DSM)

They can have a eurocentric bias

Paralanguage

The client's tone of voice, loudness, vocal inflections, speed of delivery, silence, & hesitation must be taken into consideration. It's part of the study of non-verbal language and is usually considered more accurate than verbal communication.

low context communication

implies there will be a long verbal explanation

high context communication

implies communication in a given culture relies on nonverbals that are easily understood by others in that same culture

stereotyping

the belief that all people of a given group are alike; can be good or bad

Anglo-Conformity Theory

Asserts that people from other cultures would do well to forget about their heritage and try to become just like the rest of the folks in the dominant macro culture.

Cultural Considerations - Native Americans

often speak with few words, hesitate often, do not engage in eye contact, do not live by the clock, and tend to emphasize spirituality. A strategy that might work with this population includes telling stories paired with advice giving and seeing the client in their own homes.

Cultural Considerations - African Americans

like to be taught concrete skills and strategies for change. Short term counseling & behavioral modalities work best with this group. African Americans also benefit from counselor self-disclosure & topics related to spirituality.

Cultural Considerations - Asian Americans

often speak in very low voices and they desire assertiveness training and therapies that emphasize insight or existential issues.

Cultural Considerations - Hispanic & Latino Americans

often benefit from catharsis - psychodrama works well with this group & they love discussions about family

Freudian Psychoanalysis

Often called psychodynamics

Believed that the mind works by transferring energy

Believed that talking about your life, problems, and emotions was cathartic and helpful

Used free association - encouraged clients to say whatever came to mind

The key to therapy is insight -- making the unconscious impulses conscious so you can deal with them, even if it's from dreams

Freud

psychoanalysis

Freud emphasized the importance of _____________ that are really unconscious distortions of reality

ego defense mechanisms

free association (psychoanalysis)

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Repression (defense mechanism)

the granddaddy of all defense mechanisms; something that is too painful to face is totally forgotten (ex: childhood sexual assault)

displacement (defense mechanism)

ex: you're mad at your boss, but you're worried about the repercussions of yelling at him, so you take it out on a safe target (spouse, kid, parent).

projection (defense mechanism)

you can't accept a quality of yourself, so you attribute it to others; you think you're looking out a window but you're really looking into the mirror

reaction formation (defense mechanism)

a defense in which you deny an unacceptable unconscious impulse by acting in the opposite manner (ex: a man who does not want to accept his homosexual impulses might attempt to date a new woman every night)

sublimation (defense mechanism)

often cited in conjunction with career counseling; you express an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable manner (ex: a person that likes to cut others becomes a wealthy surgeon)

Rationalization (defense mechanism)

occurs when a person over rates or under rates a reward or outcome (ex: "I didn't actually want the promotion anyways; I'd have to pay more taxes")

identification (defense mechanism)

occurs when you join a feared person such as joining a gang to ease your anxiety

denial

not unconscious or automatic - when someone purposely does not think about a situation (ex: choosing not to think about having to pay your credit card at the end of the month)

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Albert Ellis - humans are guided by self-talk or internal verbalizations

He believes humans have a tendency to think irrationally - the cure? Rational Thinking

REBT

Albert Ellis

ABC Theory of Personality

A-The Activating Event

B-The Belief About A

C-The Emotional Consequence

D/E - The counselor helps the client Dispute the irrational belief causing a new, healthy Emotional consequence

*Intervention is aimed at B

*created by Albert Ellis

Transactional Analysis (TA)

Stresses the fact that we all possess a parent, adult, and child ego state (PAC)

These states roughly correspond to Freud's Superego, Ego, & Id

TA emphasizes games (games = a transaction that is not healthy because someone gets hurts

First degree games are not as volatile as a second or third degree game; in a third degree game, someone gets physically hurt or killed

Games involve a cross transaction between the PACS of two people

A TA therapist is also interested in the life script or the overall life story of the individual

Eric Berne

Transactional Analysis

Person-Centered Counseling

Every client needs a counselor who practices empathy & unconditional positive regard, also known as acceptance or warmth, and genuineness or congruence

Person-centered therapists use reflection & open-ended questions a lot in their sessions

This theory puts little stock in formal diagnosis and testing

Person-Centered is a Humanistictheory because it attempts to foster self-actualization in the client

Carl Rogers

person-centered therapy

Reality Therapy (Glasser)

8 Steps

1. Build relationship

2. Focus on present moment behavior

3. Help client evaluate his/her current behavior

4. Develop a contract with an action plan

5. Have the client commit to the plan

6. Accept no excuses

7. Do not use punishment

8. Refuse to give up on client

A success identity is imperative and it's the result of being loved & accepted

William Glasser

Reality Therapy

behavior modification / operant conditioning

Use problems & goals that can be observed and measured

Skinarians rely mainly on reinforcement -- all reinforcement, positive and negative, raise behavior; punishment is intended to lower it.

secondary reinforcers,

such as plastic tokens or gold stars, that can be traded in for primary reinforcers, such as candy or going to a baseball game.

Ratio schedules

of reinforcement rely on work output -- a child receives a candy bar after completing four math problems.

Interval schedules

of reinforcement rely on time -- a worker receives a paycheck after 40 hours of work

Fixed v. Variable Schedule

If the parameters stay the same for the reward, that is a fixed schedule, but if they change it is a variable schedule.

Extinction

Behaviors can be lessened or eliminated by a lack of reinforcement, known as _______ - the behavior gets worse or increases, though, before it extinguishes. *time out is a common form of extinction

The key principle of operant conditioning

is that behavior is affected by the consequences that come after the behavior.

When a counselor is attempting to teach a client a complex behavior, the counselor uses successive approximations reinforcing small chunks of behavior that lead to the desired outcome.

BF Skinner

operant conditioning

shaping (operant conditioning)

securing desired behaviour through reinforcement of it and of behaviours leading up to it

systematic desensitization

A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering thoughts; helps remove phobias

Can be used in individual or group therapy

Uses relaxation and pairs it with anxiety provoking thoughts

Can also be called reciprocal inhibition and uses a hierarchy of imaginary scenes of feared stimuli

Joseph Walpay

Systematic Desensitization

Systemic desensitization is based on . . .

Pavlov, Watson, & Mary Cover Jones

Assertiveness Training

utilizes role-playing sometimes called behavioral rehearsal

implosive therapy

the client imagines scary or feared stimuli in the safety of the counselor's office

Frederick Fritz Perls

Creator of Gestalt Therapy

Gestalt Therapy

Gestalt = whole, farm figure or configuration

The goal of Gestalt therapy is to make you a complete person

Gestalt therapists focus on the here and now and emphasize their dreams of the royal road to integration of the personality

Helps people get over unfinished business by enhancing present moment awareness

Exercises & experiments are used to frustrate the client

Empty Chair Technique

asks the client to talk to another part of his or her personality (Gestalt)

eclectic approach

popularized by Frederick Thorne

Many counselors claim they are eclectic and use strategies from a number of counseling schools

Differentiation

helps people control reason over emotion

Family Counseling

Believes that the pathology resides in the family system and not in an individual; the client is the family

Family therapists believe in circular rather than linear casualty

Nathan Ackerman

uses a psychoanalytic approach

Virginia Satir

experiential family therapist who popularized the notion that in times of stress, family members resort to four patterns of communication

the placater who tries to please everyone in the family

the blamer

the reasonable analyzer who intellectualizes

the irrelevant distractor who interrupts and changes the topic to something irrelevant

Carl Whitaker

also an experimentalist; could be radical and creative; often used a co-therapist

Murray Bowen

the key name in Intergenerational Family Therapy

Bowen is known for popularizing . . .

popularized triangulation that occurs when two people who are stressed bring in a third party to reduce the dyad stress level or restore the equilibrium

also popularized genograms (pictorial graphic diagrams of the family that show a minimum of three generations)

and Fusion - the blurring of the psychological boundaries between the self and others. A person driven by fusion can’t separate thinking and feeling well.

The opposite of fusion is differentiation. Differentiation is the ability to control reason over emotion.

Salvador Minuchin

Structural Family Therapy Theory

Structural Family Therapy Theory

Believes changes in the family system, subsystems of the family, and family organization must take place in order for individual family members to resolve their own problems

Jay Haley ​​& Cloe Madanes

Strategic Family Counseling