HASS y9 t2 wk 7 (american and australian politics)

case studies, key terms, freedoms, american shi idk

liberalism

the belief that people should have individual freedom, rights, and limited government power

democracy

a system of government where the people have power, usually through voting for representatives

popular sovereignty

the idea that political power comes from the people

social contract

the idea that people agree to follow laws and give some power to the government in return for protection and order

constitution

a set of rules and laws that explains how a country is governed

australia's constitution

the document that sets out the structure, powers, and rules of Australia's government

natural justice

the idea that everyone should be treated fairly by the legal system and have a fair hearing

fair hearing

the right for a person to present their side before a decision is made

unbiased decision

maker

separation of powers

the division of government power between different branches so no one branch has too much power

legislature

the branch of government that makes laws

executive

the branch of government that puts laws into action and runs the country

judiciary

the branch of government that interprets laws and makes legal decisions

high court of australia

australia's highest court, which interprets the constitution and decides important legal cases

political representation

the idea that people's views and interests are represented in government

freedom

the ability of people to think, speak, act, and participate in society without unfair restriction

freedom of speech

the right to express opinions and ideas

freedom of assembly

the right to gather together in groups for a purpose such as protest

freedom of association

the right to join groups, organisations, or political parties

freedom of religion

the right to follow a religion or belief

freedom of movement

the right to move around freely

freedom of the press

the right of media to report news and opinions without unfair government control

freedom to protest

the right to publicly express disagreement and demand change

methods of protest

the different actions people use to show disagreement and push for change

march

a protest where people walk together in public

rally

a public gathering where people show support for a cause

boycott

refusing to buy or use something as a form of protest

sit

in

strike

when workers stop working to protest or demand change

petition

a written request signed by people asking for action or change

civil disobedience

peacefully breaking a law to protest against something seen as unjust

malapportionment

when electoral areas have unequal numbers of voters, making some votes worth more than others

one vote one value

the principle that each person's vote should count equally

gerrymandering

changing electoral boundaries in a way that unfairly helps one political group

indigent defendant

a person accused of a crime who cannot afford a lawyer

felony

a serious criminal offence

misdemeanor

a less serious criminal offence

bill of rights

a list of protected rights and freedoms in the usa

jury trial

a trial where a group of ordinary people helps decide the outcome

fair trial

a legal process where a person is judged fairly according to the law

legal representation

having a lawyer speak and act for you in court

case study

a real example used to explain how a principle is upheld or undermined

state of wa v edwards

an example linked to natural justice in australia and the treatment of detainees

state of wa v mallard

an example of natural justice being undermined because of wrongful conviction and unfair legal process

re canavan

an australian case about dual citizenship that shows the constitution and separation of powers in action

kate chaney

an example of political representation through an independent candidate representing community views

friendlyjordies

an example used to discuss limits on freedom of speech in australia

gideon v wainwright

a us case that upheld natural justice by giving poor defendants the right to a lawyer in criminal cases

public defender

a government

gideon v wainwright significance

it showed that poor defendants should still have access to legal representation and a fair trial

public defense crisis

the problem that public defenders in the usa are often overworked and underfunded

natural justice upheld in the usa

the legal system protects fair trials and legal rights through things like the bill of rights

natural justice undermined in the usa

poor defendants may not receive proper legal help because public defenders are overloaded and underfunded

separation of powers upheld in australia

government power is split between the legislature executive and judiciary

separation of powers undermined in australia

the executive and legislature are partly fused because ministers come from parliament

political representation upheld in australia

regular elections and voting allow people to choose representatives

political representation undermined in australia

malapportionment can make some votes count more than others

freedom upheld in australia

people can usually speak protest and express beliefs freely

freedom undermined in australia

freedom can be limited by laws such as defamation protest restrictions or speech limits

freedom upheld in the usa

the bill of rights protects freedoms such as speech religion and the press

freedom undermined in the usa

freedom can be weakened by things like restrictions on the press or unequal treatment in practice

civil rights movement

a movement in the usa that fought against racial discrimination and for equal rights

march on washington

a famous civil rights movement protest that used freedom of assembly and speech

montgomery bus boycott

a civil rights protest where people refused to use buses to oppose segregation

freedom rides

protests where activists rode interstate buses to challenge segregation

source analysis

a task where you read a source identify arguments and use your own knowledge to respond

define

give the clear meaning of a term

outline

give the main features or one main way

discuss

give a detailed explanation with evidence and make a judgment

upheld

protected supported or maintained

undermined

weakened limited or damaged