Developmental Processes of Citizenship for Māori

These flashcards cover the evolution of Māori citizenship, key historical events, legal milestones, and cultural concepts highlighted in the lecture notes.

What political status did Māori hold in Aotearoa before large-scale British colonisation?

They were sovereign rulers with full tino rangatiratanga over their lands and people.

Which 1840 document promised Māori the same rights as British subjects?

Te Tiriti o Waitangi / Treaty of Waitangi (Article III).

Which Treaty article guaranteed Māori tino rangatiratanga (authority) over their lands and taonga?

Article II of Te Tiriti o Waitangi.

What key Māori kinship concept anchors identity to ancestors and land?

Whakapapa.

In traditional society, what was the primary political, economic and social unit for Māori?

The hapū (sub-tribe).

What 1835 document asserted the sovereignty of northern rangatira as the United Tribes of New Zealand?

He Whakapūtanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni (Declaration of Independence).

Name Durie’s (2003) five phases of Māori development in order.

1) Te Whakamāuitanga: Recovery, 1900–25 2) Tūpunga Ahuwhenua: Rural development & WWII, 1925–50 3) Te Hekenga-mai-kāinga: Urbanisation, 1950–75 4) Te Tiriti: Claims, settlements, autonomy, 1975–2000 5) Māori Development, 2000–25.

What characterised the Te Whakamāuitanga phase (1900–25)?

Post-war recovery, population rebuilding, new Māori leadership, and early petitions for Treaty justice.

What were two major features of Tūpunga Ahuwhenua (1925–50)?

State-assisted rural land development schemes and Māori participation in the Second World War via the 28th (Māori) Battalion.

Which phase saw large-scale Māori migration to cities?

Te Hekenga-mai-kāinga: Urbanisation, 1950–75.

During which years did the Te Tiriti phase focus on Treaty claims and settlements?

1975–2000.

What time span does Durie label "Māori Development" for contemporary evolution of citizenship?

2000–25.

What court was established in 1865 and individualised Māori land titles, facilitating land loss?

The Native Land Court.

How many Māori parliamentary electorates were created in 1868?

Four.

Why was the 28th (Māori) Battalion significant for Māori citizenship?

Service was viewed as paying the "price of citizenship," proving equality through wartime sacrifice.

Who coined the phrase "The Price of Citizenship" after WWII and commemorated Lt. Ngārimu VC?

Sir Āpirana Ngata in his 1943 publication.

On returning from WWII, what proportion of Māori soldiers received land under demobilisation schemes?

Only 39 Māori (about 1.8 % of Māori servicemen), compared with ~10 % of Pākehā soldiers.

What 1961 government report categorised Māori as detribalised, bicultural majority, or ‘backward’ minorities?

The Hunn Report.

What was the goal of the 1950s–60s ‘pepper-potting’ housing policy?

To disperse urban Māori families among Pākehā neighbourhoods, discouraging communal Māori settlements.

In what year was the Waitangi Tribunal established, and for what purpose?

1975; to investigate contemporary breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi.

When was the Tribunal’s scope expanded to include historical claims?

1985.

Which iwi was first to reach a Treaty settlement with the Crown, and in what year?

Waikato-Tainui in 1995.

What was created by the British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948?

A distinct New Zealand citizenship separate from British subject status.

Which Māori religious-political leader allied with the Labour Party to advance Treaty-based social justice?

Tahupōtiki Wiremu Rātana.

When was the Māori Women’s Welfare League founded and why?

1951; to promote Māori social, cultural and economic welfare, especially for urban whānau.

What phrase describes Māori expectation to operate in both Māori and Pākehā worlds?

‘Walking in two worlds.’

Why does Godfery (2016) argue state citizenship is incompatible with Māori belonging?

Because state citizenship is externally bestowed and revocable, whereas Māori belonging derives internally from immutable whakapapa.

Translate ‘tangata whenua’.

People of the land (indigenous people connected to the land).

Why does hapū remain central to Māori concepts of citizenship?

Hapū membership is determined by whakapapa and embodies political authority and identity beyond state definitions.

According to Godfery, what can a nation-state revoke that a hapū cannot?

Legal citizenship; hapū cannot revoke a person’s whakapapa.

How do Māori notions of service on a marae differ from Western civic ideas?

They prioritise collective duty to whānau, hapū and iwi rather than individual legal status or rights.

What continuing challenge did Sharples (2007) highlight regarding Māori nationhood?

That Māori wartime sacrifices have not been matched by equal citizenship rewards, leaving the Treaty’s ‘legacy of promise’ unfulfilled.