BIOL final exam 2302

paracrines

which group of messengers is defined as acting on cells within the same tissue

The blood

A major difference between neurotransmitters and hormones is that hormones reached their destination via (….)

Whether the hormonal molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A major determinant of a hormones mechanism of action is?

Inside the target cell

Receptors for steroid hormones are commonly located

A receptor

In order for a hormone to activate a target cell, the target cell must possess

Effective is coordinating cell, tissue, and organ activities on a sustained, long-term basis

Which of these characteristics is exclusive to the endocrine system then compared with the nervous system?

A second messenger

Interaction with a membrane bound receptor will transduce the hormone message via

Small concentrations of hormone can reactivate many intracellular signals via amplification

Second messenger, activating hormones, circulate in minute quantities because?

cAMP, Ca2+, inositol triphosphate

Which of the following molecules act as second messengers

Humoral

When the pancreas releases insulin indirect response to blood glucose, this is example of (…..) stimulation

Neural

When an infant circles at his mother’s breasts, the mother’s neurophysis releases oxytocin this is an example of (…..) stimulation

Hormonal

When the ovaries secrete estrogen and response to the hormone, GNRH, this is an example of what stimulation

Negative feedback

Blood levels of hormones are kept within a very narrow range by (…) mechanisms

ADH

Which hormone is produced in the hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary

Hormone secreted into the hypophyseal portal system are detected by the …

Insulin like growth factors

The long bone growth promoting affects of growth hormone are mediated by ….

Adrenal cortex; gonads

Secretion from the corticotrophs activate cells of the ……., While secretions from the gonadotrophs affect cells of the ……

Hyper secretion of ADH

A patient is displaying high volumes of urine output and severe hydration. This is most likely cause by …..

lumen of follicle

Where is iodine located in the thyroid gland?

Increasing calcium absorption in the intestines

Which of the following is an indirect effect of PTH?

Hyperthyroidism

A patient is losing weight rapidly, sweating profusely, and is always anxious. The patient may be suffering from.

Glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids

Occasionally, a female patient will experience hirsutism, however, blood test revealed that her levels of testosterone are normal for a female. Another cause could be hyper secretion of?

Aldosterone

(…) is the adrenal hormone responsible from maintaining appropriate blood sodium levels

Less water is reclaimed by osmosis in the kidneys

Water loss reduces blood volume, promoting secretion of ADH

Why are diabetics continuously, thirsty and why do they frequently urinate?

Both increase blood glucose levels and promote the breakdown of stored fats into fatty acid

What ways are hormonal effects of ENNE from the adrenal medulla similar to the effects of glucocorticoids from the Zona fasciculata

Transport of glucose into most body cells

Which of the following is not an action of glucagon?

Melatonin

The secretion of (blank) helps regulate our circadian rhythms

Kidney

Which of the following structures produces a hormone responsible for stimulating red blood production

Skin

Which of the following structures produces a precursor to hormonal, vitamin D, important for Ca2+ regulation

Buffy coat

After centrifuging, which of the listed blood components, contains the components of immune function

Maintenance of plasma osmotic pressure, buffering changes in plasma pH

The major function of the most common plasma, protein, albumin, is?

Red blood cells are biconclave discs

Red blood cells are you efficient, oxygen transport cells period of the following characteristics, which is the major contributor to the significant oxygen carrying capacity of a red blood cell

4

Each hemoglobin can transport (blank) oxygen

Iron atom

Oxygen binds to the (blank) portion of hemoglobin

And increase in fatigue

A patient with low iron levels with experience, which of the following symptoms

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

a hematopoietic stem cell will give rise to

The blood viscosity increases to levels that may induce heart attacks or strokes

Predict the outcome of an overdose of the hormone erythropoietin

The kidneys would secrete elevated amounts of erythropoietin

What response would you expect after traveling to high altitude for two weeks

Would have a decreased number of red blood cells

If a patient has pernacious anemia, the ability of the body to absorb vitamin B12 the patient…..

acute bacterial infection

An elevated neutrophil count would be indicative of

basophils

Antihistamines counter, the actions of which white blood cell

Over reproduction of abnormal leukocytes

Leukemia is a general descriptor for which of the following disorders

Megakaryocyte

A (blank) is the progenitor of platelets

only contacted platelets with exposed collagen, fibers, and Von Willie brand factor causes them to be sticky and form plugs

Why don’t platelets form plugs in undamaged cells?

Tissue factor III

Activation of the astringent pathway of coagulation requires exposure of the blood to …..

Rapid blood flow washes away and dilute activated clotting factors, thrombin is an activated by antithrombin III if it enters the general circulation

Why doesn’t a clot fill the entire vasculature system once it has started forming

Is a risk of embolism

An injectable heparin medication might be prescribed for a patient who

Anti-A

Which agglutinins are naturally presented in someone who is B positive?

Pericardium

What is a double wall sack covering the heart termed

Myocardium

Of the following layers of the heart which consumes the most energy

Pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins

Which of the following structures is an exception to the general principal surrounding blood vessel, oxygenation levels

Equal volume of blood are pumped into the pulmonary and systemic circuits at any moment

Which of the following statements is true?

Right ventricle and flows directly into the lungs

During pulmonary circulation, blood leaves the…..

Left ventricle and flows directly to the aorta

During systemic circulation, blood leaves the…..

Right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle

From the perspective of blood, returning for the systemic circuit, identify the correct sequence of blood flow through the chambers of the heart

right atrium and right ventricle

The tricuspid valve is located between the….

The Mitral valve

Which of the following vowels is the most often faulty in the heart?

Functional syncytium

The presence of integrated discs between adjacent cardiac muscle cells causes the heart to behave as

The cells are each innervated by a nerve ending

Cardiac muscle cells have several similarities with skeletal muscle cells. Which of the following is not a similarity.

An influx of calcium ions

The plateau portion of the action potential and contractile cardiac muscle cells is due to

A pacemaker potential

The stimulus of the hearts rhythmic contractions comes from

Sinoatrial node

In a normal hard, which of the following structures is responsible for setting the hearts pace

The rhythm would be slower

Predict the nature of an ECG recording, when the atrial ventricular node becomes the pacemaker

Junctional rhythm

Which heart abnormality has no P waves on an otherwise normal ECG

Left ventricle; left atrium; mitral valve

A heart murmur will be detected when blood is heard flowing from the BLANK to the BLANK through the BLANK

The closing of the atrioventricular valves “lub” and the closing of the semi lunar valves “dup”

The lub dup heart sounds are produced by

After

Atrial systole occurs BLANK the firing of the sinoatrial node

Passively through blood flow alone

The majority 80% of ventricular feeling occurs

Heart rate and stroke volume

Cardiac output is determined by

It would decrease

Predict what would happen to the end systolic volume if contraction force were to increase

Due to norepinephrine causing threshold to be reached more quickly

Your heart seems to pound after you’re hear a sudden loud noise this increased contractility is

Tunica media

Of the following blood vessel components, which is the most critical regulating systemic blood pressure

Vasodilation, relaxes

In increasing women diameter is termed BLANK and occurs when smooth muscle BLANK

Veins

Of the following vessel types, which conduct blood towards the heart

Capillaries

Of the following vessel types, which are responsible for the exchange of gases in nutrients with tissues

Systemic veins and venules

Of the following cardiovascular components, which contains the majority of the blood volume at one time

Brain; bone marrow

Some of the least permeable capillaries are found in the BLANK, while some of the most permeable capillaries are found in the BLANK

peripheral resistance decrease

Predict the change in peripheral resistance as blood vessel diameter increases

The muscular arterioles do not exhibit elastic rebound

Pulse pressure disappears by the time blood reaches capillary beds because….

It causes blood pooling and slowing a blood flow

What effect is prolonged standing in one position have on blood flow?

Venous returned to the heart

What is the major factor controlling stroke volume during resting periods?

Vasodilation in vessel, supplying, skeletal muscle

Predict what might happen to peripheral resistance in aterioles supplying skeletal muscle when pH levels drop

Stretch in atrial walls

Baroreceptors detect changes in

arteriosclerosis

In which disease do the walls of the arteries become thicker and stiffer

Hydrostatic pressure within the capillaries

The primary mechanism driving filtration and capillary beds is….

Nondiffusable plasma proteins; draw fluids into the capillary

Capillary collide, osmotic pressure created by BLANK tends to BLANk

Anaphylaxis

Which of the following would cause vascular shock

mini valves in their walls

Lymphatic capillaries owe their permeability to the presence of

The milking action of skeletal muscle contraction.

Pressure changes in the thorax that result from breathing

Which of the following contributes to the flow of lymph through lymphatic vessels

Bacteria, large proteins, and interstitial fluid

BLANK can enter lymph capillaries

Spleen

The blank is the largest lymphoid organ

T lymphocyte maturation

The thymus is important for

skin and mucous membranes

Which of the following act of the first line of defense against foreign pathogens

Interferon

Which of the following is non-a mechanical barrier to pathogen invasion

Monocytes

Macrophages are derived from

Bacterial cell membrane lysis

The basic mechanism employed by complement to fight bacterial infection is

opsonization

The process of attaching proteins to the bacterial cell wall to enhance phagocytosis is called

An increase in the body temperature set point

Why would the bodies response if the hypothalamus detected pyrogens

MHC

The presence of BLANK proteins makes it possible for immune system to differentiate between ourselves, and those that are foreign

Cell mediate; humoral

The adaptive immune system involves three major cell types: antigen, presenting cells, T cells, which constitute BLANK immunity, and B cells, which govern BLANK immunity