Chapter 3 - Genetic/Dev. Influences

Developmental Tasks

• Skills specific to each developmental stage that children must accomplish to function in their environment

In what order do infants gain control?

Head → trunks → extrm → eyes → hands → feet

By age 5, children show preference

For the use of one hand over the other (lefty or righty)

When there’s a spurt in one area (gross motor)

Minimal advances may occur in other areas (language/fine motor/social)

What is fundamental for the infants first year to have?

Warm and consistent relationship with a parent figure as primary socialization is occurring and establishes basic trust

What grows the fastest in feto?

The head

What grows fastest in infants?

Trunk

What grows fastest in childhood?

Legs

Children with down syndrome have…

• Slower growth between 6mos - 3yrs (they’re small)

• Slower growth in adolescence

BMR Facts

• Highest in newborn infants

• Higher in boys of ALL ages

Thermoregulation is an essential adaptation response

Once baby is out uterus

Neonate Hypothermia (effects)

• Hypoglycemia

• Elevated bilirubin

• Metabolic Acidosis

Skin to skin after birth is done to promote

Thermoregulation and attachment

Females maintain a temp above

Males

Why do infants and young children have a higher and more rapid temperature increase?

An infant produces more heat per unit than adolescents

When do children eliminate second nap?

12 - 18 months

After 3, naps are

Gone/given up

Sleep time increases during

The pubertal growth spurt

Protein and calorie requirements are higher during

Infancy/childhood

Temperament

How a person deals with life

Slow to warm up child

• React negatively to new stimuli

• Passively resistant to changes in routine

Freud: Id (Unconscious Mind)

Driven by instincts and enjoys instant gratification

Freud: Ego (Conscious Mind)

Finding realistic means

Freud: Superego (Conscience)

Prevents undesirable instincts

Trust versus Mistrust (birth to 1yr)

• Consistent and loving care by a mother person is essential

  • Faith and optimism!!

Autonomy versus Shame/Doubt (1 to 3 yrs)

• Begin wanting to do things for themselves (imitating behavior/activities)

  • Self-control & willpower!!

  • Avoid: forcing them to be dependable

Initiative versus Guilt ( 3 to 6 yrs)

• Strong imagination and inner voice that warns

  • Direction and purpose!!

Industry vs Inferiority (6 to 12 yrs)

• Desire achievement but can turn into inferiority if too much is expected

  • Comeptence!!

Identity versus Role Confusion (12 to 18yrs)

• Rapid physical changes and forming identity based on values

  • Devotion & fidelity!!

Sensorimotor (birth to 2yrs)

• Imitative behavior

• Learn cause & effect

• Aware of permanence (object exists despite not visible)

Preoperational (2 to 7 yrs)

• Egocentrism (unable to view other pov)

• Cannot reason beyond observable

• Intuitive Reasoning (stars go to bed)

• Transductive Reasoning (big belly = baby)

Concrete Operations (7 to 11 yrs)

• Logical thought

Formal Operations (11 to 15 yrs)

Abstract thought

Infants can learn ____ before vocal language?

ASL (may enhance development of vocal language)

At all stages, comprehension vocabulary is

Greater than their expressed vocabulary

Preconventional Level

• Children determine good/bad & consequences

Conventional Level

• Value expectations and maintain social order

Postconventional/Autonomous/Principled Level

• Emphasis on changing law

A decreased in self-esteem during vulnerable times

Is only TEMPORARY

With social-affective play…

Infant learns to provoke parental emotions and responses

What can occur with skill play?

Frustration due to determination to conquer skill

What age group enjoy competitive games?

School age children and adolescents

Onlooker Play

• Active interest but no movement towards participating

Parallel Play

• each child plays beside but not with other children (ex. toddlers)

Associative Play

• children play together but no organization

Cooperative Play

• Organized play (cops & robbers)

Children learn their peers are

Less tolerant of violation than are adults

Raw material toys (ex. building blocks) are

Superior than ready make items

Denver Developmental Screening Test/Denver 2

• insensitive/lacks specifity

Ages & Stages Questionnaire (ASQ)

• Surveys that ask parents about developmental skills

• Universal screening tool

Diseases caused by a genetic predisposition can be

Activated by environmental trigger

Multifactorial Conditions

• caused by environmental & genetic factors

  • cleft palate

  • neural tube defects

  • congenital heart defects

Deformations

Caused by extrinsic forces

Disruptions

Breakdown of previous normal tissue (ex.congenital amputation)

Most malformations occur

Before 12 weeks (by 1st trimester)

Syndrome

• Pattern of anomalies (around 3)

Association

Pattern of malformations without a determined cause

Sequence

• pattern of defects leadind to cascade of anomalies

  • Pierre Robin: recessed mandible → abnormal tongue → obstructive apnea risk

Tetarogens

• agents that cause birth defects

Chromosome Abnormalities Behaviors

• Unusual cry

• poor feeding

• hypotonia

• abnormal reflex response

Chromosomal Disorder

• Absence of extra chromose

  • Turner Syndrome

  • Down Syndrome (21)

Single Gene Disorder

• Systemic effect

  • CF/SCD