Bio 1511 Lab Final

Prokaryotic cells lack a ______ and ______ organelles

nucleus, membrane-bound

Eukaryotic cells contain a ______ and ______ organelles

nucleus, membrane-bound

Prokaryotic DNA is ______ and located in the ______

circular, cytoplasm

Eukaryotic DNA is ______ and located in the ______

linear, nucleus

Prokaryotic cells are generally ______ in size compared to eukaryotic cells

smaller

Archaea differ from bacteria in ______ and ______

genetics, metabolism

Cyanobacteria are ______ bacteria that contain ______ for photosynthesis

photosynthetic, chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll a absorbs ______ (~___ nm) and ______ (~___ nm) light

blue (~430 nm), red (~680 nm)

Cyanobacteria can exist as ______, ______, or ______

unicellular, colonial, filamentous

Cyanobacteria are important ______ producers

oxygen

Bacteria shapes include ______ (spherical) and ______ (rod-shaped)

cocci, bacilli

Gram-positive bacteria have ______ cell walls and stain ______

thick, purple

Gram-negative bacteria have ______ walls and stain ______

thin, red

Peptidoglycan is found in the ______

cell wall

Gram stain uses ______, ______, and ______

crystal violet, iodine, safranin

Heat fixing uses ______ to ______ bacteria to slide

flame, attach

Bacteria reproduce by ______

binary fission

The equation for cellular respiration is ______ + ______ → ______ + ______ + ______ (___)

glucose, oxygen, CO2, water, ATP

Aerobic respiration requires ______ and produces ______ ATP

oxygen, more

Anaerobic respiration occurs without ______ and produces ______ ATP

oxygen, less

The stages of aerobic respiration are ______, ______, ______

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC

Glycolysis occurs in the ______ and produces ______

cytoplasm, pyruvate

The Krebs cycle occurs in the ______ and produces ______

mitochondria, CO2

The ETC produces most ______

ATP

ATP is the cell’s ______ currency

energy

Temperature affects respiration because it affects ______

enzymes

KOH absorbs ______ in respiration experiments

CO2

CO2 absorption creates a ______ moving the bubble

vacuum

Yeast perform ______ respiration

anaerobic

Anaerobic respiration in yeast produces ______ and ______

CO2, ethanol

Respiration rate is measured by ______ production

CO2

Cofactors ______ enzyme activity

enhance

Inhibitors ______ enzyme activity

decrease

Photosynthesis equation is ______ + ______ + ______ → ______ + ______

CO2, water, light, glucose, oxygen

Photosynthesis converts ______ energy to ______ energy

light, chemical

Photosynthesis occurs in ______, ______, ______

plants, algae, protists

Light reactions produce ______, ______, and ______

ATP, NADPH, O2

Calvin cycle uses ______ and ______ to make ______

ATP, NADPH, glucose

Light reactions occur in ______

thylakoids

Calvin cycle occurs in ______

stroma

Pigments ______ light and ______ color

absorb, reflect

Chlorophyll a reflects ______

green

Accessory pigments ______ light absorption range

increase

Chromatography separates pigments based on ______

polarity

Non-polar pigments travel ______

farther

Rf = ______ / ______

pigment distance, solvent distance

Photosynthesis rate is measured by ______

O2 production

Best wavelengths produce ______ photosynthesis

higher

DCPIP is an ______ acceptor replacing ______

electron, NADP+

DCPIP turns from ______ to ______ when reduced

blue, colorless

Light reactions require ______

light

PCR amplifies ______

DNA

DNA contains ______, ______, ______, ______

A, T, G, C

PCR uses cycles of ______ and ______

heating, cooling

The Alu allele is ______ and ~___ bp

repetitive, 300

Alu is ______ (present or absent)

dimorphic

Humans have ______ alleles per gene

two

DNA extraction isolates ______

DNA

PCR requires ______, ______, ______, ______

DNA, primers, Taq polymerase, nucleotides

Denaturation occurs at ___°C and ______ DNA

94, separates

Annealing occurs at ___°C and ______ primers

60, binds

Extension occurs at ___°C and ______ DNA

72, elongates

PCR produces ______ growth

exponential

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA by ______

size

DNA is ______ charged and moves to ______

negative, positive

Smaller DNA moves ______ and ______

faster, farther

Alu absent = ___ bp, present = ___ bp

641, 941

Homozygous = ______ band, heterozygous = ______ bands

one, two

Genotype is ______ makeup

genetic

Phenotype is ______ trait

physical

Dominant alleles are expressed in ______ and ______

homozygous, heterozygous

Recessive alleles require ______

homozygous

Monohybrid ratio is ______ and ______

1:2:1, 3:1

Dihybrid ratio is ______

9:3:3:1

Sex-linked traits are on ______ chromosomes

X/Y

Polygenic traits involve ______ genes

multiple

Incomplete dominance = ______ phenotype

intermediate

Codominance = ______ alleles expressed

both

AB blood type shows ______

codominance

Blood types depend on ______

antigens

Agglutination = ______ clumping

antibody-antigen

Rh factor is a ______

protein

Rh+ is ______

dominant

Blood typing uses ______, ______, ______

anti-A, anti-B, anti-Rh