adaptive immunity

humoral immunity

defends the the fluids of the body using B-cell lymphocytes.

cell mediated immunity

attack infected cell using cytotoxic killer T-cell lymphocytes.

primary response

the body’s first encounter with a pathogen.

sign

objective evidence of an illness.

symptoms

subjective evidence of an illness.

secondary response

the body’s later encounters with the pathogen.

adaptive immune system

is specific, is systemic, and has immunological memory.

b-cells

trained in the bone marrow to identify self vs. non-self and make antibodies.

cytotoxic killer t-cells

trained in the thymus to identify self vs. non-self antigens & release perforins and granyzymes to attack cells when activated.

helper t-cells

activates or suppresses other cells using cytokines in order to direct the immune system.

MHC-1

presented by all cells of the body to the immune system and let’s the cell know what’s occurring inside. if something is wrong with it, it will be destroyed.

MHC-2

presented only by macrophages, dendritic cells, and b-cells and let’s the cell know what it devoured so it can build a defense.

which cell has CD-8 receptors and interacts with MHC-I receptors?

cytotoxic killer t-cells.

which cells has CD-4 receptors and interact with MHC-2 receptors?

helper T cells.

T_h

helper t cells.

T_c

cytotoxic killer t cells that patrol the body interacting with MHC-1 receptors in tissues. if the T_c cell with the correct CD-8 receptor identifies a foreign antigen, it will take it to the helper T cell for verification before it can be destroyed.

clonal expansion of specific T_c cell

multiple versions of the same T_c cell are made.

activation of specific T_c cells

cells go back to tissues with the specific MHC-1 to attack.

cell-mediated immunnity

Tc encounters MHC-1 with foreign antigen > Tc takes foreign antigen to lymph node > Th verifies if antigen is foreign > Tc cloned and activated > Tc clones attack infected tissue.

what cells will be attacked in cell-mediated immunity?

virally infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted cells.

humoral response

b-cells bind to foreign antigens > b-cells presents antigens to helper T-cells for verification > helper T-cells release cytokines to clone B-cells and transform clones into plasma cells > plasma cells release antibodies into the fluids of the body.

variable regions

portion of an antibody that always varies based on MHC-2 receptor that was originally activated. these bind bind to pathogenic antigens.

constant region

specifies what the antibody does once bound to a pathogenic antibody.

agglutination

foreign cells clump together and not much of a danger because phagocytes can destroy them.

precipitation

foreign chemicals clump together.

opsinization

some antibodies make pathogens more visible to phagocytes.

antibody functions

neutralization, complement fixation, and stimulation of inflammation.

neutralization

pathogen is coated in so many antibodies that it ceases to function.

complement fixation

antibodies aid the complement system in its ability to bind to a pathogen and form holes.

stimulation of inflammation

antibodies trigger mast cells and basophils release inflammatory mediators.

antibody mediated immunity

active immunity and passive immunity.

active immunity

naturally acquired by infection and can artificially be acquired by vaccination which causes memory cell formation.

passive immunity

naturally acquired through the umbilical cord or via breastfeeding and can be artificially acquired via injection. no memory cells.

response to the common cold

virus infects the respiratory lining > virus hijacks epithelial cells and release virions > body releases interferons and inflammatory mediators to combat virus > interferon attracts NK cells that will attack infected cells.

response to viral infections

dendritic cells devour pathogenic material > dendritic cells present antigens on MHC-2 to Th cells > humoral response activated > plasma cells release antibodies > cell-mediated response activated > TC cells seek pathogenic antigen and destroy infected cells.

response to bacterial infections

dendritic cells devour bacterial antigens > dendiritic cells present antigens on MHC-2 to Th cells, humoral response activated > plasma cells release antibodies > Th cells release cytokines to increase macrophage and B-cell activity.