PBSI 107 Final

Overjustification Effect

How intrinsic motivation diminishes when extrinsic motivation is given

Instinct Theory of Motivation

Behavior is driven by instincts that aid survival

Drive Theory

Maintaining homeostasis is integral to directing behavior

Arousal Theory

Motivation stems from maintaining optimal levels of arousal

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Task performance is best when arousal levels are moderate

Self-efficacy

An individual’s belief in their own capability to complete a task

Self-determination Theory

Motivation is on a continuum of self-determination characterized by competence, relatedness, and autonomy

Set-point Theory

Each individual has their own ideal body weight resistant to change

Bulimia Nervosa

Binging followed by purging

Anorexia Nervosa

Maintaining low body weight via starvation

James-Lang theory

Emotions arise from physiological arousal

Cannon-Bard theory

Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously but independently

Schaeter-Singer two-factor theory

Emotions come from physiological and cognitive factors

Cognitive labeling determines the emotion felt

Physiological arousal is interpreted in context, emotional experience is felt

Lazarus’ cognitive-mediational theory

Emotions are determined by the appraisal of the stimulus (immediate and unconscious)

Limbic system

Guides emotional response and memory

DIspositionism

View that our behavior is determined by personality and temperament

Situationism

View that our behavior is determined by our environment

Fundamental attribution error

Tendency to overemphasize internal factors as causes for behavior and underestimate the power of a situation

Actor-observer bias

False idea that others’ behavior is due to internal factors but our own is due to external factors

Self-serving bias

Tendency to take credit by attributing positive outcomes to internal factors and negative outcomes to external ones

Halo effect

Bias where judgements about one trait impact someone’s overall impression of an individual

Components of attitude

affective, behavioral, and cognitive components

Yale attitude change approach

Posits that the source, message, and audience are the key factors of persuasion

Asch’s experiment

Studied the influence of group majority on an individual’s judgement

Normative social influence

Conforming to a group to fit in

Informational social influence

Conforming because the group is correct, particularly when the situation is ambiguous

Milgram experiment

Studied and found that 65% of participants obeyed authority

Groupthink

Modification of beliefs to conform to perceived group consensus

Group polarization

Strengthening of a group attitude after a discussion of views

Social facilitation

Performing better in front of others than alone

Social loafing

Exerting less effort to lean on the group one is working with

Bystander effect

Phenomenon where a witness does not help someone in distress

Diffusion of responsibility

Latane and DarleyP

Prosocial behavior

Voluntary behavior with the intent to help

Empathy, altruism, egoism

Sternberg’s triangular theory of love

Types of love based on combinations of intimacy, passion, and commitment

Social exchange theory

Tracking the costs and benefits of forming a relationship

Psychodynamic perspective of personality

Personality is influenced by unconscious drives

Balancing biological drives with social control over them

The id

Primitive, impulsive urges; operates on the pleasure principle

The ego

rational, balances the id with the superego; operates on the reality principle, seen by others, the self

The superego

Moral compass that tells us how to behave, strives for perfection

Individual psychology

Focuses on the drive to compensate for inferiority

Alfred Adler

Emphasizes the conscious over the unconscious

Psychological theory of development

Personality develops throughout the lifespan in stages, emphasizing social relationships at each stage

Erik Erikson

Analytical psychology

Focuses on working to balance conscious and unconscious thought

Carl Jung

Collective unconscious

Archetypes/personas

Introversion vs. extroversion

Karen Horney

Posited that the goal of psychoanalysis should be to move toward a healthy self

Three coping mechanisms used by children: toward, against, away

Behavioral perspective of learning

Focuses on observable, measurable phenomena

B.F. Skinner

We learn to behave in certain ways

Personality is shaped by consequences

Social-cognitive theory

Emphasizes both learning and cognition in personality

Bandura

Locus of control

Beliefs about the power over our lives

Julian Rotter

Walter MIschel

Found that behavior is inconsistent across situations but more consistent within situations

Holds that personality is not stable

Carl Rogers

Linked personality to self-concept

Ideal self, real self, and congruence

Gordon Allport

Classified traits into cardinal, central, and secondary traits

Raymond Cattell

Narrowed Allport’s list and identified 16 dimensions of personality

Walter Cannon

First to identify physiological responses to stress

Fight or flight

Hans Selye

Discovered general adaptation syndrome

Alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion

Holmes and Rahe

Hypothesized that life events requiring significant change are stressful

Social readjustment reading scale

Friedman and Rosenman

Studied coping

Problem-focused and emotion-focused

Industrial psychology

Studies job/applicant characteristics and employee training and performance review

Organizational psychology

Studies interactions between people working and how it affects productivity

James Cattell

Founded the psychological corporation

Human factors psychology

Studies how workers interact with tools and how to design them

Munsterberg

Published Psychology and Industrial Efficiency

Scott

First to apply psychology to advertising and management

Robert Yerkes

Developed methods for screening and selecting enlisted men for WWI

Elton Mayo

Origins of organizational psychology

Hawthorne effect

Kurt Lewin

Researched leadership and team dynamics

Coined “group dynamics”

Lilian Gilbreth

Found ways to reduce number of movements required to perform a task

Mother of modern managment

Greenhaus and Beutell

Studied work-family conflicts

Time devoted to work, strain from participation at work, and specific behaviors required by work

Douglas McGregor

Combined scientific management and HR into the notion of leadership behavior

Theory X assumes workers are lazy

Theory Y assumes workers are productive

Donald Clifton

Researches how an organization can best use a worker’s strengths