Bio Human Systems, Chapter 24

Remember! Study bones, muscles, heart, and brain diagrams! (When using learn mode, switch it to "answer with definition"

What are the functions of CNS

Brain and spinal cord, control center for bodily functions

What are the functions of PNS

Everything else outside

How do neurons work?

Transmit electrical and chemical signals throughout the body in a process called Synapse (the connection of neurons)

What is a sensory neuron

Transports information from body to CNS

What is a motor neuron

Transports motor commands from CNS to muscles, glands, and other organs

What does the cerebrum and cerebral cortex do?

Involved in higher level functioning

Remeber! The Hypothalamus is located above the pituitary gland!

Yes!

What does the cerebellum do?

Involved in complex muscle movements

Function of the medulla?

Regulates vital functions, breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

What does the thalamus do?

Its the regulatory system. It decides what info to pass on to the cortex

Hypothalamus functions?

Regulates hunger, thrist, body tep, and hormones = body clock

Function of the pituitary gland

Growth, hormones,

Remember! The thalamus looks like a small ball!

Yes!

Which areas of the body are the most sensitive to touch? Why?

Fingers, tongue, tips… Higher amount of nerves and receptors

How does the body tell the brain the intensity of the stimulus?

Higher = more receptors firing, leads to a stronger sensation

What is a stimulant drug?

Speeds up CNS

What is a depressant drug?

Slows down CNS

How does ambien work?

Slows brain activity so you can fall asleep easier

How does cocaine work?

prevents brain neurons from the retake of serotonin, chemicals stay in the thalamus, leading to a higher level of pleasure

How does morphine work?

prevents the transmissions of pain receptors

How does vision work?

Photoreceptors on the retina transmit signals to the brain via the optic nerve… this leads to a picture forming!

How does taste work?

Taste buds detect sweet, sour, salty, bitter, unami

How does smell work?

The Olefactory - detects millions of individual scents

How does balance work?

fluid in inner ear can detect body’s position relative to gravity

What are hormones? How do they work?

Chemical messengers that regulate bodily functions. They act as signals, triggering changes in cellular activity

Which hormones are responsible for glucose regulation in the body?

Insuluin and glucagon

What is “the master gland” in the body?

The pituitary gland in the brain

What is the major function of cartilage?

Protects the bones

What is the major function of ligaments

attach bone to bone

What is the major function of tendons

attach muscle to bone

What are the three different types of muscles?

Smooth, skeletal, cardiac

What is smooth muscle in control of?

Involuntary movenment

What is skeletal muscle in control of?

Voluntary movement

What is cardiac muscle in control of?

The heart!

How do muscles work?

The fibers of the muscle contract and relax

What are the roles of ACTIN and MYOSIN?

They are 2 types of sarcomere filaments that tighten to move the muscles.

What are antagonist pairs of muscles?

muscle pairs that preform opposing actions

What is muscle tone?

The constant contraction of muscles and their fibers

What is the difference of lifting 5 lbs and 50 lbs?

More muscle fibers are being used

What is slow twitch muscle?

Less blood, more endurance based

What is fast twitch muscle?

More blood, faster sprint based

Describe Ball and Socket joints

360º - example, shoulder

Describe immovable joints

No movement - example, cranium

Describe gliding joints

Back and forth, side to side - example, ankle

Describe hinge joints

Back and forth only - example, elbow

Describe pivot joints

back and forth, side to side - example, neck

Describe partially movable joints

less free to move - example, spine

Diagnose a sprain

Pulling a ligament

Diagnose a strain

over stretching a tendon

Diagnose arthritis

inflammation of the joints

Diagnose osteoporosis

holes in your bones

Diagnose a fracture

crack or break in the bones

What do anabolic steroids do to the body?

Mimics testosterone and gives and extra boost of strength

What is the Haversian canal system of compact bone? How does it help maintain bone heath?

Contains blood vessels and nerves. It provides a pathway for nutrient and waste exchange, facilitates nerve function

Define vital capacity

Max amount of air you can inhale and exhale

Define tidal volume

Your regular inhale and exhale

Define residual volume

The amount of air in your lungs that cannot be expelled and keeps lungs from collapsing

Define lung capacity

The amount of air your lungs can hold

Where exactly does gas exchange take place?

The lungs (your bronchiols and the alveoli)

How does oxygen get into the blood stream?

Oxygen enters bloodstream through the alveoli, C02 goes out after

How does air enter and leave the lungs?

Inspiration and expiration

Describe the pathway of the blood through the heart

Enters through Superior and inferior vena cava, goes into the Right atrium, then the Tricuspid valve, and the right ventricle. Next, it enters through the Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, and then the Left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, and finally the semi-lunar valve and the aorta

Function of arteries

Transports oxygen rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body

Function of the veins

returns blood to the heart

Function of the capillaries

Facilitates and delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells throughout your body

What is Plasma?

Liquid part of the blood, contains proteins, nutrients, hormones and waste products

What are red blood cells?

Responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissue

What are white blood cells?

Part of the body’s immune system

What are patelets?

Colorless cell fragments, essential for blood clotting

What are are the 2 numbers in a BP reading?

Stylostic and Dilostic

What does Stylostic pressure tell us?

The pressure of the blood moving through the arteries

What does Dilostic pressure tell us?

The pressure when your heart is resting (between beats)

What is a coronary bypass surgery?

A procedure that crates a new pathway for blood to flow around a blocked artery

What is emphysema?

Characterized by damage to the airsacs that makes it hard to breathe

What is atherosclerosis

The buildup of fats and cholesterol in the artery walls

What is hyperstension

when the force of blood pushing on the arteries is too high

What is pneumonia

A lung infection

What is a antigen?

A substance that triggers an immune response in the body

What is a Antibody?

Proteins produced that recognizes foreign substances and eliminates them

What is a pathogen?

A bacteria, virus, or microorganism that can cause disease

How is the body able to tell “self” from “non-self” at the cellular level?

lymphocytes (made in the bone marrow) recognize specific invaders

What is the role of B-cells in the body?

They get rid of pathogens

What cells do the HIV virus attack?

Helper T-cells

Describe active immunity

Produced from your exposure to a pathogen

Describe passive immunity

Received antibodies from a diff source

What is mechanical digestion

You are doing it! Examples: mouth, esophagus

What is chemical digestion

Digested w/ enzymes and acids. Examples: stomach, small intestine, large intestine

What is the main organ that helps maintain the osmotic balance?

The KIDNEYS!

What is the role of Pepsin?

An enzyme released to begin the digestion of protiens

What is bile?

A salty fluid that breaks down fat (stored in the gallbladder)

What is salivary amylase?

A starch that aids in digestion