Organic compounds

Definition of organic compound

• chemical from living things that contains a vital force that couldn’t be duplicated in a lab

• Modern definition- the covalent chemistry of Cabo, except CO and CO2

Intro to hydrocarbos - properties

• smaller hydrocarbos=ns → lower MP/DP, weak dispersion forces

• Properties can depend on length of chain of carbon atoms

→ hydrocarbons are non-polar because of the C-H bond and symmetry → contain dispersion forces and strong covalent intermolecular bonds

→ hydrocarbons are insoluble in water → water - lots of hydrogen bonds → polar

_. Branded molecules decrease BP

• molecules not close together → decrease dispersion forces

Into to hydrocarbons types

ACYLIC

• carbon atoms arranged in straight chains and include branched molecules

• Include - alkanes (single C-C bond), alkenes (one C=C double bond), alkynes (one carbon carbon triple bond)

CYLIC

• C atoms arranged in a ring

Uses of hydrocarbons - alkanes

• produces carbon dioxide

• Transports fuel → burn easily → increase in energy ]

• But crude oil is finite

Uses of hydrocarbons - alkenes

• plastic

• Petrochemistry industry

Uses of hydrocarbons alkynes

• ethane

• Used in high temperature cutting

Saturated and unsaturated

• homologous series = group of organic compounds → have some function group, some genral formula & chemical properties

→ saturated hydrocarbons → hydrocarbons that contain both single bonds → max no, of hydrogen atoms in a molecule

→ unsaturated hydrocarbons → hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon double/triple bonds

Uses of hydrocarbons alkynes

• ethane

• Used in high temperature cutting

Properties of unsaturated

• multiple covalent bonds

• Includes alkenes, alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons

• High amount of carbon and low amount of hydrogen

• More reactive

• Burning in air → yellow, sooty

• Usually obtained from plants

Hydrocarbon bonding chemical reactivity

Alkenes → more reactive than alkanes

ALKANES CONATIN A C=C DOUBLE BOND

• electron rich

• Enable other atoms to be added to C

Naming organic compounds - naming alkanes

SYSTEMMATIC NAME - 2 PARTS

• prefix - longest no. Of carbon atoms in longest carbon chain

• Suffix - indicating the homologous sores to which the molecule belongs

STEPS

1. Identify the longest carbon chain

2. Number the carbons, starting from the end closest to the branch

3. Name the side chains - methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl

4. Name the Bain chain

5. Combine to weird name in ful

6. Side chains appear in alphabetical order

7. If a side chain appears more that once - prefix used - di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa

8. Numbers are seperated from names by a hyphen

9. Numbers are seperated from numbers by a comma

Naming alkenes

• identify longest no. Of carbons in a chain → use appropriate parent prefix

• The suffix is ene → the number before ‘ene’ tells us when the double bond belongs

EG: 3,4 - dimethyl pent-2-ene

→ 3,4 = position of side groups

→ - = hyphens btwn numbers and letters

→ di = no.of side groups

→ methyl = type of side group

→ pent - no. Of carbons in parent chain

→ 2 = position of functional group

→ ene = type of functional group

Structural isomers of hydrocarbons

• molecules with the same chemical formula but different structure

• → both molecue=les → show same chemical formula

Reactions of hydrocarbons - alkanes

COMBUSTION

• energy releasing reactions by chemical bonds

• Energy can be harnessed in combustion engines

• Sufficient oxygen is required to completely combust hydrocarbons

SUBSTITUTION

• type of reaction where part of a molecule → removed/replace

→ reaction of alkanes with elemental halogens ← most common sun reactive with alkanes

Reactions of organic compounds - alkenes and alkynes

ADDITION

• polymers

• Small molecule attacks and breaks one double bond → small molecule is split and added across site of formaer double bond

• Alkenes react with small molecules such as H or halogens

COMBUSTION

• same as bfr

Functional group - haloalkanes

• products of substitution reaction between an alkane and halogen (CL, F, L, Br)

→ presence of halogen atom affects physical properties

→ not classified as hydrocarbons bcs of halogen atom → this halogen is a function group → an atom/group of atoms that influence physical and chemical properties of a molecule

Properties of haloalkanes

• high MP and BP → bcs molecules = polar → and have high molecular size

• Only slightly soluble in water → more soluble in organic solvent

Functional groups - carboxylic acids

• homologous series

• FG → -COOH at end of chain → aid -OIC acid as prefix

PROPERTIES

• high BP bcs of H bonds

• Short chain C-acid soluble in water

REACTIONS AND USES

• reactions with bases to form salt + water

• CA react with reactive metals → salt and H gas

• React with carbonates → salt and CO2 and water

Functional groups - alcohols

• named on basis of alkane that they resemble → e on end = dropped and replace by ol

• Carbon chains with 1 or more - OH groups = hydroxyl

• Formula = CnH2n+1OH

PROPERTIES

• small alcohols => soluble in water

• High BP than corresponding alkanes/alkene → bcs H bonds are stronger than D forces

REACTIONS AND USES

• combustion → produce CO2 and water → small alcohols are fuels

• Ethanols 0> used as a solvent → perfumes