Respiratory System Lab

1

Nasal cavity

1

Nostril (nares)

3

Larynx

4

Trachea

7

Diaphragm

5

Right lung

6

Left lung

2

Nasal bone

2

Nostril (nares)

3

Lateral cartilage

4

Alar cartilage

9

Sphenoid

12

Septal cartilage

10A

Superior nasal conchae

10B

Middle nasal conchae

10C

Inferior nasal conchae

11A

Superior meatus

11B

Middle meatus

11C

Inferior meatus

7

Vestibule

8

Hard palate

14

Soft palate

15

Pharyngeal tonsil

16

Epiglottis

6

Ethmoid

5

Vomer

13A

Nasopharynx

13B

Oropharynx

13C

Laryngopharynx

17

Cricoid cartilage

4

Epiglottis

4

Epiglottis

4

Epiglottis

13

Epiglottic cartilage

3

Hyoid

3

Hyoid

2

Thyroid cartilage

2

Thyroid cartilage

1

Laryngeal prominence

5

Cricoid cartilage

5

Cricoid cartilage

6

Arytenoid cartilages

7

Corniculate cartilages

8

Cricothyroid ligament

9

Cricotracheal ligament

11

Vestibular fold

10

Vocal cords

10

Vocal cords

12

Trachea

1

Trachea

2

Tracheal bifurcation

3

Main bronchi

6 (circled portion)

Apex

8

Superior lobe

9

Middle lobe

10

Inferior lobe

13

Cardiac notch

12

Oblique fissure

11

Horizontal fissure

7

Base

4

Pulmonary arteries

5

Pulmonary veins

14

Hilum

Functions of the system

• Gas exchange

• Communication

• Olfaction

• Acid-base balance

• Blood pressure regulation

• Platelet production

• Blood and lymph flow

• Blood filtration

• Expulsion of abdominal contents

Principal organs in order that air encounters them from inhalation to lung

Nose→pharynx→larynx→trachea→bronchi→lungs

Ondine’s Curse (Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome)

• Automatic respiratory functions disabled

  • Due to TBI, brainstem damage from stroke, infections, tumors, accidents in neurosurgery, or mutation of gene of chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata

  • Must remember to take each breath and can’t sleep without aid of ventilator

    • Some cases can reverse, many don’t survive

Chronic bronchitis

• Severe persistent inflammation of lower respiratory tract

  • Secretion of excess mucus by goblet cells causing cilia to be immobilized

  • Mucus builds in lungs and acts as a growth medium for bacteria

Emphysema

• Alveolar walls break down and alveoli converge into fewer and larger spaces

  • Less membrane available for gas exchange

    • Gaps/Spaces = cavities in lung

Two ways nasal cavity prepares incoming air

1. Nose hairs and mucus filters dust

2. Moisturizes and heats up air

Nasopharynx passes only

Air

Oropharynx passes

Air, food, and drink

Laryngopharynx passes

Air, food, and drink

Larynx differs in infant vs adults because in infants the larynx is

relatively high in the throat, and the epiglottis touches the soft palate, creating a continuous airway from the nasal cavity to the larynx

How do vocal cords produce sound?

Deeper intrinsic muscles control vocal cords by pulling on the corniculate and arytenoid cartilages causing it to pivot and arytenoid cartilages abduct or adduct the vocal cords

How does the pitch and loudness change?

1. Air forced between adducted cords vibrate them resulting in a high pitched sound when taut, lower when slack

2. Loudness determined by the force of air passing between the vocal cords

Right lung has _ lobes

3

Right lung has (blank) fissure and (blank) fissure

horizontal, oblique

Right lung’s relative size

shorter

Right lung’s special feature

shorter to accomodate liver

Left lung has _ lobes

2

Left lung has a _ fissure

Oblique

Left lung’s relative size

Taller, but narrower

Left lung’s special feature is the

cardiac notch to accomodate the heart

Patient with severe emphysema

1. PO2 levels are decreased due to less surface area

2. PCO2 levels are increased due to larger alveoli make less efficient space to get rid of CO2

3. Breathing rate increased due to low O2 and high CO2 to maximize gas exchange

4. Activity tolerance decreased due to body not having enough O2 to meet needs